1. Electric cars – regional challenges Marianne Saenen ARE – 30 June 2011 1

2. Present situation ARE – 30 June 2011 2

3. Electric vehicles ARE – 30 June 2011 3 Hybrid Plug-in hybrid Electric battery Fuel cells Scooters, bicycles

4. Electric battery vehicle ARE – 30 June 2011 4 Any primary energy 30% CO2 reduction Low local pollution Improve independence fossil fuels Competitivity EU automobile industry +

5. Electric battery vehicle ARE – 30 June 2011 5 Only… 30% reduction Increase demand on electricity Attractive car mobility… Battery recycling Low autonomy (could be a +) Stocks in resources for batteries -

6. Belgium… Federal level ARE – 30 June 2011 6 Nuclear energy, off-shore windmills Price of energy Trains Fiscal laws Research (partial – mostly fundamental)

7. Belgium… Regional level ARE – 30 June 2011 7 Renewable energy Mobility - Public transport (bus) Roads Some taxes (real estate, cars…) Land management Economic activity (parks,…) Research (partial – mainly applied) Education and training (all levels)

8. Federal level ARE – 30 June 2011 8 + RER

9. Regional level ARE – 30 June 2011 9

10. Energy ARE – 30 June 2011 10 Physical market (kWh – in grid) Provider (market price) Final client Virtual market Green certificates Provider (market price) QUOTA or 100€ fineCWAPE G.C. Green electricity production

11. Land management ARE – 30 June 2011 11

12. Infrastructures ARE – 30 June 2011 12

13. Mobility ARE – 30 June 2011 13

14. Research ARE – 30 June 2011 14

15. Research ARE – 30 June 2011 15 Representations, way of life…

16. Change way of life ARE – 30 June 2011 16

17. What to do ARE – 30 June 2011 17 Downsizing Increased aid electric bicycles and scooters Intelligent grid development Charging infrastructures (standard) Shared electric cars (cities)? Set rates for commercial charging infrastructures Continue research

18. Conclusions Electric cars and climate change if -100% electric -100% renewable - change behaviours ARE – 30 June 2011 18 Role of governments -Promotion (premiums…) -Land management -Infrastructures -Improving technologies -Social and human aspects