1. A Visual Tour of the Effect of per Capita Income -around the world in 30 minutes-

2. Bhutan Per capita income: $174 Population doubling time: 30 years Male life expectancy: 47 years Female life expectancy: 49 years Fertility rate: 5.9 children/woman Population density: 94/sq mile

4. Mali Per capita income: $251 Population doubling time: 20 years Male life expectancy: 47 years Female life expectancy: 50 years Fertility rate: 7.1 children/woman Population density: 22.6/ sq mile

6. Haiti Per capita income: $374 Population doubling time: 35 years Male life expectancy: 53 years Female life expectancy: 56 years Fertility rate: 4.8 children/woman Population density: 666/sq mile

8. China Per capita income: $364 Population doubling time: 49 years Male life expectancy: 67 years Female life expectancy: 71 years Fertility rate: 2.2 children/woman Population density: 335/ sq mile

10. Guatemala Per capita income: $944 Population doubling time: 24 years Male life expectancy: 61 years Female life expectancy: 66 years Fertility rate: 5.4 children/woman Population density: 252/ sq mile

12. Uzbekistan Per capita income: $978 Population doubling time: 33.4 years Male life expectancy: 66 years Female life expectancy: 73 years Fertility rate: 4.4 children/woman Population density: 132/sq mile

14. Thailand Per capita income: $1697 Population doubling time: 55 years Male life expectancy: 66 years Female life expectancy: 72 years Fertility rate: 2.2 children/woman Population density: 294/sq mile

16. Mongolia Per capita income: $1820 Population doubling time: 27 years Male life expectancy: 61 years Female life expectancy: 64 years Fertility rate: 4.6 children/woman Population density: 4/ sq mile

18. Cuba Per capita income: $2,000 Population doubling time: 78 years Male life expectancy: 74 years Female life expectancy: 79 Fertility rate: 1.9 children/woman Population density: 259/sq mile

20. Israel Per capita income: $12,293 Population doubling time: 15 years Male life expectancy: 74 years Female life expectancy: 78 years Fertility rate: 2.2 children/woman Population density: 751/ sq mile

22. Japan Per capita income: $26,824 Population doubling time: 183 years Male life expectancy: 76 years Female life expectancy: 82 years Fertility rate: 1.7 children/woman Population density: 862/ sq mile

24. Kuwait Per capita income: $16,380 Population doubling time: -- years Male life expectancy: 72 years Female life expectancy: 76 years Fertility rate: 3.7 children/woman Population density: 174/ sq mile

26. United States Per capita income: $26,000 Population doubling time: 88 years Male life expectancy: 74 years Female life expectancy: 78 years Fertility rate: 2.1 children/woman Population density: 77/ sq mile

28. Relation of Values to Development What are the results of increasing GNP? –Life Expectancy vs GNP –Well Being vs GNP (actual) –Well Being vs GNP (theoretical)

29. GNP vs Life Expectancy

30. GNP versus Well Being

31. Generalized GNP vs Well-being Curve

32. Environmental Problems in Survival Phase Disease Injury Starvation Environment is viewed as another external controlling force to be overcome; impacts result in a new environmental form that is neither better or worst

33. Environmental Problems in Pre- modern Phase Plagues, famines Wars Drinking water contamination Environment is viewed as nurturing and resistant to human impacts; however, big impacts can bring disaster to family

34. Environmental Problems in Modern Phase Accidents Water, wastewater and air pollution Industrial, toxic, and hazardous wastes Environment is viewed as a source of raw materials and as resistant to human impacts; big impacts can bring disaster to corporations and bureaucracies

35. Environmental Problems in Post- modern Phase Crowding Solid wastes Non-point chemicals Old age Resource depletion Large-scale accidents Global disruption of natural cycles Epidemics

36. Environmental Problems in Post- modern Phase For individualist, impacts to the environmental are often seen as incremental and inconsequential. Environment is often seen as another consumptive good. For egalitarian, any impact to the environment may be disastrous. Impacts are seen as additive. The environment is seen as a place to create the “good society.”

37. Important Environmental Values Value of non-human life? Preservation of richness and diversity of life forms? No, minimal, or tolerable human impacts? Sustainability? Conservation of areas with no human impact?

38. Old Interaction of Technologies with Society Perceived Need Design It Build It Deal with Impacts Attempt sustainability

39. New Interaction of Technologies with Society Survival Needs Hierarchical Needs Individual Needs Egalitarian Needs Seek sustainable systems Design, build, minimize impacts