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Biochemistry
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Carbon Compounds Organic compounds - compounds made primarily of carbon atoms Carbon atoms are important because: they have four valence electrons they can bond with other carbon atoms to form straight chains, branched chains, or rings
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Functional groups - clusters of atoms that influence the characteristics of the molecule
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Monomers - small, simple molecule
Polymers - molecules that consist of repeated, linked units Macromolecule - large polymers
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Condensation Reaction
Each time a monomer is added to another monomer or polymer, a water molecule is released Glucose + fructose ---> sucrose + water
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Hydrolysis Reaction Each time a polymer is broken down into smaller molecules, a water molecule is added Sucrose + water ---> glucose + fructose
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ATP Adenosine triphosphate - the molecule that cells use to store energy ADP + P + energy ---> ATP ATP ---> ADP + P + energy
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Molecules of Life Carbohydrates - organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (1:2:1) - used as a source of energy or as structural materials
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Monomer - monosaccharide (simple sugar)
- glucose (energy for cells), fructose (in fruits; sweetest), galactose (in milk) - are isomers - same formula, different structure
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Larger carbohydrate molecules
- disaccharide - double sugar (two monomers) - polysaccharide - complex sugar (three or more monomers) - animals store glucose as glycogen - plants store glucose as starch - cellulose (plants) is main component of cell walls
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Proteins - organic compounds composed of mainly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Monomer - amino acids (20) -have functional groups (carboxyl group, amino group, R group)
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dipeptide - two amino acids bonded together
polypeptide -long chain of amino acids protein - made of one or more polypeptides enzymes - act as catalysts specific relationship to substrate specific as to environment
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Lipids - large organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
- triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, waxes, and pigments - store more energy per gram than other organic compounds
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Fatty acids - unbranched carbon chains
- one end is hydrophobic (nonpolar) - one end is hydrophilic (polar) - saturated (each carbon bonded to four atoms; all single bonds) - unsaturated (each carbon not bonded to four atoms; contains a double or triple bond)
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Triglycerides - three fatty acids joined to glycerol
- saturated - butter and fats in red meat - unsaturated - plant seeds Phospholipids - two fatty acids joined to glycerol - cell membrane
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Wax - long fatty acid chain joined to long alcohol chain
- form protective layers in plants and animals Steroids - four fused carbon rings with functional groups - hormones, cholesterol
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Nucleic acids - large and complex organic molecules that store and transfer information in the cell
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - RNA (ribonucleic acid)
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