1. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster He Yongnian China Earthquake Administration Brief Introduction to Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster in China

2. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster I Seismicity and Seismic Disaster in China II Chinese Government Pays Great Attention to Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster III Working Contents for Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster in China

3. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster I Seismicity and Seismic Disaster in China II China pays great attention to earthquake prevention and disaster mitigation III Working contents for earthquake prevention and disaster mitigation in China

4. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster China is an earthquake-prone country. China is located between two major seismic zones of the world (The Circum-Pacific seismic zone and Euro-Asian seismic zone). The seismicity in China is characterized by high frequency, large magnitude, vast distribution and severe disaster. According to the historical records, of 31 provinces, municipalities and regions in China, 29 ones have been stricken by earthquakes with M= or > 6.5.

5. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster (B.C.780-A.D.1999) Distribution of Seismic Activity in China

6. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Seismic Regions in China I. Taiwan seismic region II. South China seismic region III. North China seismic region IV. Northeast China seismic region V. Tibet-Qinghai seismic region VI. Tianshan seismic region VII. South China Sea seismic region

7. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster There were two destructive earthquakes caused death toll over 200,000 people in the last century in the world, unfortunately, both were occurred in China. One is the Haiyuan earthquake (Ms=8.5) in 1920, which killed more than 230,000 people. Another is Tangshan earthquake (Ms=7.8) in 1976, which killed more than 240,000 people. If we trace back to the earlier history, a large earthquake with M ≈ 8.5 occurred in 1556, in Huaxian county, Shanxi Province, the earthquake caused death toll of 830,000. It is the largest death toll resulted from earthquake disaster in the world in the human history. China created the world record of death toll caused by strong earthquakes in the past time

8. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Earthquake Disaster 54% Meteorological Disaster 40% Geological Disaster 4% Marine & Forest Disaster 1% Disaster 1% Others1% 1/2 death toll caused by various natural disasters in China (1900-1996)

9. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Seismic Zoning in China

10. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Area Proportion for Chinese Territory with different seismic intensity

11. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster I Facing Frequent Seismicity and Severe Disaster II China Pays Great Attention to Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster III Working Contents for Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster in China

12. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster China has paid great attention to prevention and mitigation of earthquake disaster Facing frequent seismic activity and serious disaster, the central government and governments at different levels have shown solicitude for the earthquake prevention and disaster reduction as well as taken effective measures. The management organizations have been established from the national level till county’s level ; at same time, several institutions of earthquake science and technology have been established and enhanced.

13. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Policy for Prevention and Mitigation Of Earthquake Disaster in China Based on the practice of preventing and mitigating of earthquake disaster for a few decades in China, and drawing on the experience of other earthquake-prone countries and regions in the world, the policy for Prevention and Reduction of earthquake disaster in China is as follows: “putting prevention first, combining prevention with relief, and protecting against and mitigating earthquake disaster in China in a comprehensive way. ” Ⅱ

14. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Two combinations ： âCombining earthquake science and technology with administrative management âCombining professional work with public participation Relying on three aspects ： ûThe progress of earthquake science and technology ûThe administrative management, especially management based on legal system ûThe public awareness concerning earthquake prevention and disaster mitigation Ⅱ

15. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Dept. of Earthquake Monitoring & Prediction General Office Dept. of Personnel & Education, Science & Technology (Dept. of International Cooperation Dept. of Development and Finance Dept. of Earthquake Disaster Emergency Management CEA Headquarters Dept. of Earthquake Disaster Prevention (Dept. of Legislation ) Management System of China Earthquake Administration (Headquarters) Ⅱ

16. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Working Organizations of Prevention And Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster in China Since its foundation in 1980, China Earthquake Administration (CEA) has established a multi-discipline professional contingent. Now, CEA has 31 provincial seismological organizations, 5 research institutes, 3 centers and nearly 20,000 staff members, including about 10000 scientists and engineers. There are 9 members of Chinese Academy of sciences, 4 members of Chinese Academy of Engineering, more than 2200 professors and researchers. Besides, there are around 10,000 engineers and technicians working in the organizations belonging to local governments and enterprises.

17. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster I Facing Frequent Seismicity and Severe Disaster II China pays great attention to earthquake prevention and disaster mitigation III Working contents for earthquake prevention and disaster mitigation in China

18. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Three Major Systems Based on the policy for earthquake prevention and disaster mitigation in China, CEA has conducted all works for reducing earthquake disaster at maximal extent. Among them, the following three aspects are most important: ★ Earthquake monitoring and exploration of earthquake prediction ★ Prevention of earthquake disaster ★ Emergency Response and Rescue for destructive earthquakes

19. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster I. Earthquake Monitoring and Forecast In order to observe the seismic activity in China, the China Earthquake Administration (CEA) has carried out the construction of seismic observation system. ▲ Seismic observation network, including seismological observation and precursory observation. ▲ Manufacturing of the seismometers and related instruments ▲ Exploration and practice of earthquake forecast

20. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster There are totally 162 national seismic stations National Seismic Network of China

21. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster ▲ National seismic station, ● Regional seismic stations, ■ Seismic array Regional Seismic Networks

22. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Ⅲ

23. Exploration and practice of earthquake prediction Based on observation of seismic activity and various precursors, Chinese seismologists have conducted the exploration and practice of earthquake prediction. At present, the exploration of earthquake prediction is mainly empirical based on a great volume of observational data and historical earthquake records in the ancient literature, combined with the geological background (tectonics, mainly active faults ). The Chinese seismologists also use the observational data of various precursors to conduct the exploration and practice of earthquake prediction, for example, seismicity, gravity, geomagnetism, geo-stress and strain, geo-electricity, geothermal, ground deformation, underground fluids as well as animal behavior and so on.

24. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Review on the Art of the State for Earthquake Prediction in China Under the specific situation, including the favorable working condition and environment, the short-term and imminent prediction of a few particular types of earthquakes may be realized to a certain extent. However, the seismogenic process is quite complicated and the earthquake types are varied; Today, the mankind hasn’t understood the basic law of the seismogenic process. So, the earthquake prediction is still a scientifically unsolved problem. On the basis of practice of earthquake prediction for several ten years, Chinese seismologists believe that the earthquake prediction should be realized sooner or later, even though there is a long way. They will make a sustained effort on it. Under the specific situation, including the favorable working condition and environment, the short-term and imminent prediction of a few particular types of earthquakes may be realized to a certain extent. However, the seismogenic process is quite complicated and the earthquake types are varied; Today, the mankind hasn’t understood the basic law of the seismogenic process. So, the earthquake prediction is still a scientifically unsolved problem. On the basis of practice of earthquake prediction for several ten years, Chinese seismologists believe that the earthquake prediction should be realized sooner or later, even though there is a long way. They will make a sustained effort on it. Ⅲ

25. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster This is a fundamental aspect for earthquake disaster reduction. Its focus is put on prevention, in other words, we must take necessary measures to mitigate the earthquake disaster before occurrence of the destructive earthquakes. It includes several key points, such as the disaster management based on legislation, the seismic safety zoning of the territory, requirement of earthquake resistant design for various structures and building, the assessment of seismic safety for some major engineering sites, the forecast of earthquake disaster of structures and building in cities and earthquake insurance and others. Ⅱ. Prevention of Earthquake Disaster

26. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster The important thing for prevention of earthquake disaster is to standardize the behavior of the governments,communities and people by using the legislation. So, disaster reduction management based on legislation is our foundation of earthquake disaster reduction. The laws and regulations concerning the earthquake disaster reduction require our government officials to conduct the related duties. Disaster management based on legislation

27. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Management Based on Legal System Regarding Earthquake Prevention and Disaster Mitigation in China Several major laws and regulations have been released: 《 The Protection Act for Facilities of Earthquake Monitoring and Environmental Condition of Earthquake Observation 》 (1994) 《 Emergency Response Act for Destructive Earthquakes 》 (1995) 《 Law of the People’s Republic of China on Protecting against and Mitigating Earthquake Disaster 》 (1997) 《 Stipulation for Issuing Earthquake Prediction 》 (1998) Stipulation for Manage act for earthquake monitoring 》 (2004)

28. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster The system of laws on protecting against and mitigating the hazard of earthquakes in China

29. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Main Chapters 1. General 2. Earthquake Monitoring and Prediction 2. Earthquake Monitoring and Prediction 3. Earthquake Disaster Prevention 3. Earthquake Disaster Prevention 4. Earthquake Emergency Response 4. Earthquake Emergency Response 5. Earthquake Relief and Rehabilitation in Disaster-Stricken Areas 5. Earthquake Relief and Rehabilitation in Disaster-Stricken Areas 6. Legal Duty 7. Bylaws 《 Law of the People’s Republic of China on Protecting against and Mitigating Earthquake Disaster 》

30. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Based on the seismic zoning of the Chinese territory, the houses and engineering should be constructed following the construction code, and make the houses and engineering have a certain capacity to resist the earthquakes. Many earthquake cases show that only if the buildings are of a certain earthquake resistant capability, even though their standard is lower than the intensity of the real earthquake, the buildings are able to keep standing erect and people are able to avoid causality.

31. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster In Wenchuan earthquake stricken region, there are several examples: For example, Chenjiaba primary school, located in Beichuan County, Sichuan province, still erected after the earthquake (where the seismic intensity reached IX degree), even though the school buildings were designed with earthquake resistance just for VII degree. The case indicated that the earthquake resistance design of buildings should be foundational for reducing earthquake disaster, of course, the scientifically regionalization of potential earthquake risk and seismic intensity is necessary in spite of difficulty of such a regionalization.

32. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster The Chenjiba primary school basically remained intact after Wenchuan earthquake with M=8.0, where the seismic intensity reached X degree, even though the school buildings had only earthquake-proof capacity for seismic intensity of VII degree.

33. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Strengthening the requirement for fortification against earthquake on the rural housing In China, especially in the western China with frequent seismicity, the earthquake-proof capability of the housing in rural area is relatively low, so the governments at different levels pay great attention to enhancement of earthquake resistant capability for housing of peasants and herdsmen there. A project, called has been launched before long. Central government, local government and owner of the houses share the expenses, and the related departments,such as earthquake and construction administration provide the technical support.

34. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster In order to promote the project of “, several provinces have carried out the “Moderation Engineering of Earthquake Safety Housing”, providing the construction model of houses. The following pictures are cited from different regions: Push forward

35. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Picture showing the structures of the seismically safety houses

36. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Appearance of a new-type house

37. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster The earthquake disaster prevention also includes some other works. Among them forecast of earthquake disaster is an important one, especially in urban areas, there are a lot of pre-existed structures and building. To investigate the earthquake-proof capability of those pre-existed structures and building is quite useful for reducing the disaster when they encountered destructive earthquakes. So, seismologists in China have done some works on forecast of earthquake disaster in some cities. Another thing is to carry out the earthquake insurance to enhance the capacity of self recovery and self-reconstruction for disaster-stricken people and regions. Usually, the insurance companies help the victims through indemnity. Goal: Reducing the disaster during the destructive earthquakes

38. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster The historical experience indicates that the earthquake disaster can’t be reduced without public participation. So, we have to make a great effort to popularize the knowledge concerning the reduction of earthquake disaster to raise the awareness of people,including the government officials. Nowadays, the government officials in China are mostly well- educated, however, they are not familiar with prevention and reduction of earthquake disaster. It is a critical task to educate them with related knowledge concerning earthquake disaster reduction because they are the policy-makers. Of course, the common people, including workers, peasants, soldiers and students, are also the target to spread the related knowledge. Experience: The disaster can’t be reduced without participation of the public

39. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Popularization of Knowledge for Earthquake Prevention and Disaster Reduction This aspect includes the following contents: I.Education concerning earthquake phenomenon, earthquake generation and potential disaster II.Education concerning earthquake prevention and disaster reduction, including current situation of earthquake forecast exploration and practice, fortification against earthquake for structure and building, emergency relief and rescue, especially tell people not to believe the earthquake rumors and so on. III.Spreading knowledge regarding emergency response for earthquake occurrence and self-rescue and mutual-rescue knowledge and technique after destructive earthquakes. VI. Others

40. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster By using various approaches to widespread knowledge concerning earthquake and its disaster By means of TV, radio broadcast, lecturing, posting posters and. so on, the knowledge concerning prevention and mitigation is extensively explained and publicized.

41. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Ⅲ. Emergency Response and Rescue for Destructive Earthquakes This aspect is one of the most important works for the China Earthquake Administration. Its main contents are emergency response just around destructive earthquake occurrence and rescue action after the destructive earthquake occurrence. The emergency response is able to reduce the casualty and to be helpful for returning social order and keeping social stability. The rescue action is effectively to save the victims beneath the damaged or collapsed structures and buildings. Both are of great significance of humanitarianism, politics and economy.

42. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Emergency response for destructive earthquakes is usually divided into two types: A Emergency response after occurrence of destructive earthquake, that means, the regions or cities encountered attack of an earthquake, facing the damaged degree and social situation, according to the pre-plan, we need to start the emergency response action. B Emergency response action will start in such situation: a region or city is affected by a strong earthquake, but the epicenter is far from the region or city. For such situation, it is relatively simple to conduct the emergency response, the main measure is tell people in panic the truth, including the magnitude, the epicenter location,and ask people keeping calm through the television and radio broadcast and others.

43. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Setting up urgent shelters in cities Started from Beijing, the capital of China, more and more large cities have set up the urgent shelters for evacuating people during urgent period or arranging victims after destructive earthquake occurrence.

44. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Emergency Shelters for suddenly occurred earthquakes in Beijing city (2005)

45. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Emergency Shelters in Southern City

46. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Haidian Park is used an emergency shelter with area of 420,000 square meters, which is able to accept 210,000 victims

47. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster We are facing the modern concrete ruin, unarmed rescue team is powerless ! The State Council takes major measure: The National Search and Rescue Team for Earthquake Disaster is established in Beijing on April 21, 2001 Rescue after destructive earthquakes

48. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Primer Wen Jiabao handed over the Team Banner

49. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Structure of China International Search and Rescue (CISAR )Team 通讯 (Communication) 医疗 (Medical) 营救 (Rescue) 搜索 (Search) 技术支撑 Technology support

50. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Lifesaving search dog Medical salvation equip Communication Car Lifesaving search instrument

51. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Ⅲ

52. Rescue Team has conducted several missions home and abroad The International Rescue Team has well conducted several missions since its establishment ☆ Home mission: Jiashi, Xinjiang Region; Zhaosu, Xinjiang Region(24 Feb. 2004); Mengyuan, Qinghai Province (04 April 2005 for avalanche) Wenchuan, Sichuan Province (12 May, 2008) Yushu, Qinghai Province (14 April, 2010) Zhouqu, Gansu Province (07 August 2010 for debris flow) ☆ Abroad mission: Algeria,(21 May, 2003) Iran (26 Dec. 2003), Indonesia (26 Dec, 2004; 27 May, 2006)) Pakistan (08 Oct. 2005) Haiti (12 Jan. 2010)

53. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster State training base of earthquake search and rescue ， located in beautiful western suburb of Beijing city

54. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster During 12-14 Nov. 2009, INSAARAG (the International Search and Rescue Advisory Group ) and OSOCC (the On-Site Operations Coordination Centre) evaluated and rated the China International Search and Rescue Team. Through successive operation for 36 hours, the officers from UN organizations highly appraised the team based on observation and inspection of four links: preparation, mobilization, action and evacuation as well as five categories of capabilities: management, ensuring, search, rescue and medical treatment. The heavy type of rescue team has been granted to the China International Search and Rescue Team. Before this evaluation, there were 13 rescue teams in the world from 14 countries,including U K, USA, Germany, Singapore, Switzerland and so on. Among those teams, 11 teams were heavy ones and 3 were medium ones. The China International Search and Rescue Team is 12th heavy one and second heavy team in Asia.

55. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Enhancement of Fundamental Earthquake Research Scientific research is an important field. Great attention should be paid to this aspect because it is basic foundation to reach the goal for prevention and reduction of earthquake disaster. Scientific research is an important field. Great attention should be paid to this aspect because it is basic foundation to reach the goal for prevention and reduction of earthquake disaster. § Theoretical and experimental study, such as: focal mechanism, mechanism of earthquake precursors, earthquake engineering, tectonophysics, neo-chronology, etc. § Theoretical and experimental study, such as: focal mechanism, mechanism of earthquake precursors, earthquake engineering, tectonophysics, neo-chronology, etc. §Study on geodynamics, seismic tectonics, procedure of earthquake origin, seismic wave propagation and attenuation, spatial and temporal distribution of geophysics field. § Study on geodynamics, seismic tectonics, procedure of earthquake origin, seismic wave propagation and attenuation, spatial and temporal distribution of geophysics field. §Observation of geomagnetism, gravityand geoelectrocity, etc, and crustal deformation and stress observation and studies. § Observation of geomagnetism, gravityand geoelectrocity, etc, and crustal deformation and stress observation and studies. §Sounding of crustal and lithosphere structure, combined with study of seismo-tectonics, and exploring the seismogenic environment and mechanism. § Sounding of crustal and lithosphere structure, combined with study of seismo-tectonics, and exploring the seismogenic environment and mechanism. § Others § Others

56. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Conclusion Earthquake disaster prevention and mitigation is a people’s common desire, especially for the countries and regions subject to frequent earthquake disaster. To investigate and explore earthquakes and their occurrence, to develop modern and practical technology for earthquake disaster prevention and mitigation, including the emergency response and rescue technique, is an important task for the sustainable development of human society. Chinese seismologists cordially intend to cooperate and exchange ideas and techniques with other countries and regions in all important and mutually interested topics on prevention and mitigation of earthquake disaster and make contributions to the mankind for a safer and better future.

57. 防震减灾 造福人民 Prevention and Mitigation of Earthquake Disaster Thank You!