1. Renewable Energy Utilization in Turkey Namık K Aras Turkish Academy of Sciences Bahçeşehir University Turkey

2. Renewable Energy in Turkey *Turkey has abundant reserves of renewable energy, such as solar, wind and geothermal. The benefits of exploiting these sources would be enormous: *By relying completely on indigenous resources, renewable sources reduce reliance on imported fuels and enhance Turkey's energy security, *The environmental impact of renewable technologies is far less than that of nuclear and fossil fuel power plants. There are no emissions of greenhouse gases or toxic wastes,

3. Renewable E nergy in Turkey *The cost of electricity from some renewable energy sources is already competitive with many conventional technologies, and is dropping rapidly; *Renewable technologies have no fuel costs and are virtually inexhaustible.

4. Solar Energy *Turkey receives sunlight equivalent to 11000 times the amount of electricity generated in Turkey in 1996. *Both photovoltaic and solar-thermal systems could be used to great effect. Use of solar thermal is already widespread. In 1995 it was calculated that solar thermal generated 52,000 tones-of-oil- equivalent of heat. *This could increase six-fold in the next 15 years.

5. Wind Energy *Wind energy is already in use in many parts of the world at a price competitive with conventional technologies. *The latest technologies can produce electricity at 4.4c/kWh, comparable to many conventional sources. *In Turkey, wind energy has great potential. Figures show that Turkey theoretically has 160 TerraWatt hours a year of wind potential, which is equivalent to twice the country's electricity production 1996.

9. Geothermal * Turkey has one eighth of the world's geothermal potential and is ranked 7th in the world. *The cost of electricity generated from geothermal reserves is between 3-10c/kWh, which is competitive with conventional systems. *Turkey has already recognized the potential of geothermal and in 1972 began to implement a program of construction which would have seen nearly 710 Megawatts installed by now. Unfortunately, the program was not fully implemented and this rich resource remains unexploited.

10. World Bank Supports Renewable Energy in Turkey *The World Bank on March 25 approved a $202.03 million Renewable Energy Loan (REL) for Turkey. *A press release said the main objective is to increase privately owned and operated power generation from renewable sources such as water and wind.

11. European Union energy mix in 1999 (EUROSTAT 2001) EU-15

12. Primary Energy Production of RES in 1999 (EUROSTAT 2002) EU-15

13. White paper on Energy Policy 2/2 (The renewable content)  Invites National and Community authorities to adopt policies mobilizing significant resources for RES  Foresees specific programes or subsidies least harmful to competition  Acknowledges that RES constitute in the long term the main sustainable energy source and calls for a strategy on RES development

14. White Paper on Renewable Energies COM(97)599, 26.11.97 Sets out Community Strategy and an Action Plan to double the share of Renewable energy from 6 to 12 % in Gross Inland Production by 2010 Establishes Sub-targets in the various sectors. Preserves flexibility in view of Community enlargement. Instigates a tri-annual review procedure.

15. Europe-30: (in mtoe) ConsumptionProduction 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 19902000201020202030 Industry Transport Households, services The Basic Facts About Energy Energy self sufficiency is impossible to achieve An energy-intensive economy:consumption + 1 to 2%/ year 0 850 19902000201020202030 Oil Natural gas Solid fuels Renewables Nuclear

16. Tomorrow’s priorities: A. Curbing the growth in demand by:  Completing the internal market  Review of energy taxation  Energy saving and diversification plans  Dissemination of new technologies

17. Tomorrow’s priorities: B. Managing the dependence on supply by: Development of less polluting energy sources Maintaining access to resources Ensuring external supplies New and renewable forms of energy are the first options for action in relation to security of supply, the environment and rural populations

18. Renewables offer a potential to be exploited EU target: 12% of total energy consumption in 2010 They have differing growth prospects Their takeoff assumes that financial or tax incentives will be provided 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 19902000201020202030 production Europe-30: renewables (reference scenario in mtoe) New and renewable energy sources: a political priority

19. Targets and Associated instruments Development of less polluting energy sources mobilising support for renewables Renewable do not have the same development facilities that other sectors had. Aid for RES is justified on the grounds that conventional energies do not contribute much towards the external cost they entail. RES could be financed by temporary levies on a share of the profits of other conventional oprerators in the energy sector Target : 12% of energy consumption in 2010

20. Draft Directives Directive on the promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market Directive on Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Target: doubling the share of CHP from 9% (1994) to 18% (2010) Special provision for renewables. Directive on Liquid Biofuels mandate for a minimum use of biofuels and their de- taxation

21. 1. National Targets for electricity from renewable energy sources (‘RES-E’)  Member States are obliged to establish national targets for future consumption of RES-E. The Directive gives in its Annex indications for these national targets.  If the targets are met, consumption of electricity from renewable energy sources will rise from 14 % in 1997 to 22% by 2010  The Commission will monitor progress made by Member States towards achieving their national targets The Directive on the promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources

22. Damage Cost Estimates for Energy Fuel Cycles (UK Specific Results) € cent Source DG Research

23. HY GE RES power plants Production cost BMWE € cent/kWh Gas Coal

24. HY GE Gas vs RES power plants Production cost BM WE Gas Gas + Ext. cost BM+ Ext cost WE+ Ext. cost € cent/kWh (Combined cycle Gas Turbines)

25. RES Contribution in 1999 (EUROSTAT 2002)

39. Conclusions (1/3) Development of RES should become a political priority for Turkey

40. The Turkey’s strategy for RES will be successful provided political impetus is seconded by adequate and timely legal and financial initiatives Conclusions (2/3)

41. To attain this ambitious targets, apart from public financing, private investment in RES will be crucial in the coming years Conclusions (3/3)

42. Total Primary Energy Reserves of Turkey (2002) Primary Energy SourceTotal Reserve Coal (10 6 tonnes)1,126 Lignite (10 6 tonnes)8,075 Hydro (GWh)125,000 Petrolum (10 6 tonnes)41.8 Natural Gas (10 9 m 3 )8.7

43. Energy Production and Consumption of Turkey (2002) Primary Energy Source ProductionConsumption Coal (10 3 tonnes)2,35711,039 Lignite (10 3 tonnes)63,44564,883 Petrolum (10 3 tonnes)31216,339 Natural Gas (10 6 m 3 )2,55129,661 Hydro (GWh)24,010 Wind &Geothermal618 Biomass (wood)16,263 Biomass (other)5,790 TOTAL (Million TOE)27.470.2