1. Central Dogma of Biology

2. How genes control biological activity

3. Information is stored in colinear subunit sequences

4. Reproduction and Catalysis single strandedness - complex 3D shape nucleic acids - replication

5. Is protein synthesized from DNA directly? Prescot used a pulse-chase experiment to find out:

7. Transcription

8. Transcription Animation

9. Elongation

10. Overview of Transcription

11. Replication

12. Transcription

13. Replication Transcription

16. Only one strand is copied in transcription

17. Termination of Transcription - Palidromes/hairpins

18. Termination of Transcription

19. How can nucleic acids store the info for protein structure? They are both unbranched chains of subunits (have 1° structure)

20. Genetic Code

21. Coding Ratios: Triplet Code? coding ratio 1 2 3 R number of words 4 1 = 4 4 2 = 16 4 3 = 64 4 R adequacy 4 < 20 16 < 20 64 > 20

22. Confirmation that the genetic code is a triplet code frame shift suppressors THE BIG CAT ATE THE FAT RAT THE BGC ATA TET HEF ATR AT... large frame shift mutation wild type THE BIG CAT ATE THE FAT RAT THE BCA TAT ETH EFA TRA T... large frame shift mutation THE BIG CAT ATE THE FAT RAT THE BAT ATE THE FAT RAT... small frame shift mutation 1 deletion 2 nucleotides deleted 3 nucleotides deleted

23. Early investigations of the genetic code using in vitro translation systems using uniform precursor pools to produce artificial mRNA: in vitro translation system only A poly-A mRNA poly-Lys protein AAA codes for Lys only G poly-G mRNA poly-Pro protein GGG codes for Pro only C poly-C mRNA poly-Gly protein CCC codes for Gly only U poly-U mRNA poly-Phe protein UUU codes for Phe

24. final investigations of the genetic code using in vitro translation systems making specific 3-nucleotide mRNAs: in vitro translation system for each codon check which aa associates with ribosome

25. Genetic Code

27. Central Dogma of Biology

28. tRNA

29. tRNA has a complicated shape

30. Loading an amino acid on a tRNA

31. Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases

32. mRNA

33. rRNA ribozymes

34. Ribosomal compartments

35. Ribosomes are complex structures

37. Formation of a peptide bond

38. Polysomes

39. Initiation

40. Elongation

41. Termination

42. The Central Dogma