1. Period 2:
Colonization

2. Key Concept 2.1
Europeans and American Indians maneuvered and fought for dominance, control, and security in North America, and distinctive colonial and native societies emerged.
Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that different empires confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization.

3. Spanish, French, Dutch, and British
Had different patterns of colonization
Spain had tight control over colonization with work to convert and/or exploit the native population.
French and Dutch sent few Europeans and sought trade agreements and intermarriage with American Indians.

4. English Colonization Sought to establish colonies based on agriculture
Sent a large number of men, women and families to acquire land and populate the settlement.
Had relatively hostile relationships with the American Indians.

5. Characteristics
Unlike Spanish, French, and Dutch colonies, The English colonies attracted both males and females who rarely intermarried with either native peoples or Africans, leading to the development of a rigid racial hierarchy

6. England in the New World: Chesapeake Reading Assignment
Roanoke
Richard Hakluyt
Indentured servants
Jamestown
Headright system
House of Burgesses
Uprising of 1622
Tobacco
John Smith
John Rolfe
Starving Time

7. Reasons for Colonization in 17th Century
National pride led to empire building
Religious
Henry VIII began the Reformation in England that led to religious strife between the Catholics and Protestants
Viewed it a divine mission to populate with protestants
Trade would increase wealth
Overcrowding in England

8. Settling the Chesapeake
Roanoke
Jamestown (1607)
Starving Time
John Smith organized efforts
The Virginia Company
Headright System
House of Burgesses / 1st elected representative body in America
Tobacco / John Rolfe
Little or no sense of family

9. Relationship with Natives
At first cooperative and peaceful
Uprising of 1622 / as tensions result from the fact that the English are staying.
Tobacco growth resulted in large dispersed plantations in need of a large labor force
Indentured servants and Native Americans supplied that force.
Planter social strata emerged

10. Colony of Maryland
Established as a protected location for colonial Catholics
Otherwise history is similar to Jamestown
Period of starvation and death
Followed by the salvation of tobacco
Also established a plantation social structure

11. Emergence of African Slavery
The abundance of land, a shortage of indentured servants, the lack of an effective means to enslave native peoples, and the growing European demand for colonial goods led to the emergence of the Atlantic slave trade.
Strong belief in British racial and cultural superiority led to enslaving black people in perpetuity.
Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanizing aspects of slavery. (rebellion, sabotage, escape)

12. Other Southern Colonies
The Carolinas
North and South
Planters from Barbados
Extended plantation society
Georgia
Buffer state between English colonies and Spanish Florida
Settled by “good” prisoners from England

13. New England Colonies Reading Assignment
Puritanism
John Calvin
Pilgrims
Mayflower Compact
John Winthrop
Great Migration of 1629
Religious Uniformity
Roger Williams
Anne Hutchinson
Pequot War

14. New England Colonies
The New England colonies, founded primarily by Puritans seeking to establish a community of like-minded religious believers, developed a close-knit homogeneous society and – aided by favorable environmental conditions – a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce.

15. Puritanism
Followed the beliefs of John Calvin /world was divided into two groups – the elect and the damned.
Hard work and prosperity would indicate that you were among the elect (Puritan Work Ethic)
Showed little tolerance for other faiths and / dissenters
Came to America to escape “corruption” of England

16. Plymouth, 1620
Mayflower was blown off course and landed in Massachusetts
Settled by Pilgrims (Separatists)
Signed the Mayflower Compact (first written frame of government in what is now the United States
Autumn of 1621celebrated at the first Thanksgiving
Eventually overshadowed by Massachusetts Bay to its north.

17. Family as Ordained by the Church
Male is the head of the household. However, the wives were considered spiritual equals of men.
The ideal Puritan marriage was based on reciprocal affection and companionship and divorce was legal – but not often sought.

18. Government in New England
Each town was self-governing and stressed individualism and social unity.
Each town had a church and a school
Harvard College, 1636
Puritan democracy was only for those within the church.
Church and state are closely connected
Tolerance of difference was not high on the list of Puritan values.

19. More Colonies Appear
Banished from Massachusetts because of his belief in the separation of church and state, Roger Williams founds Rhode Island.
Thomas Hooker establishes Connecticutt
Anne Hutchinson is banished for her criticism of the church
New Hampshire established with Massachusetts overflow

20. Middle Colonies
The demographically, religiously, and ethnically diverse middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops.
Pennsylvania – William Penn – Refuge for Quakers (Society of Friends)
New York – purchased from the Dutch
Delaware
New Jersey

21. The Pequot War
View and discuss “The Massacre at Mystic” from the series Ten Days that Unexpectedly Changed America.

22. Cultures are Changed
Continuing contact with Europeans increased the flow of trade goods and diseases into and out of native communities, stimulating cultural and demographic changes.
By supplying American Indian allies with deadlier weapons and alcohol and by rewarding Indian military actions, Europeans helped increase the intensity and destructiveness of American Indian warfare.