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Period 2: Colonization
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Key Concept 2.1 Europeans and American Indians maneuvered and fought for dominance, control, and security in North America, and distinctive colonial and native societies emerged. Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that different empires confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization.
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Spanish, French, Dutch, and British
Had different patterns of colonization Spain had tight control over colonization with work to convert and/or exploit the native population. French and Dutch sent few Europeans and sought trade agreements and intermarriage with American Indians.
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French Colonization Canada Wealth Conversion to Christianity
Viewed Natives as economic partners Dependent on Native Americans for furs Fur traders lived with Natives, marrying them, and studying their culture
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Graphic Organizer In your notes use a Venn Diagram to Compare/Contrast French Colonization and Spanish Colonization Spain France
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Preview: Crash Course ex=3&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s
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English Colonization Sought to establish colonies based on agriculture
Sent a large number of men, women, and families to acquire land and populate the settlement. Had relatively hostile relationships with the American Indians.
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Characteristics The English colonies attracted both males and females
Unlike Spanish, French, and Dutch colonies The English colonies attracted both males and females who rarely intermarried with either native peoples or Africans, leading to the development of a rigid racial hierarchy
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England in the New World: Chesapeake Identify these terms in your notes:
Roanoke Colony Richard Hakluyt Indentured servants Jamestown Headright system House of Burgesses Uprising of 1622 Tobacco John Smith John Rolfe Starving Time
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Some reasons for English Colonization in 17th Century
National pride led to empire building Empire: groups of nations or people ruled by a larger government Religious Henry VIII began the Reformation in England that led to religious strife between the Catholics and Protestants Viewed it a divine mission to populate the Earth with Protestants anti-Catholicism & anti-Spain Trade would increase wealth Overcrowding in England
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Migration to America: Push & Pull Factors
Push Factors Pull Factors empire building political turmoil religious conversions religious persecution goods to trade (to increase wealth) overcrowding in England
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Settling the Chesapeake
Roanoke Colony Mystery Jamestown (1607) Starving Time John Smith organized efforts The Virginia Company Headright System House of Burgesses / 1st elected representative body in America Tobacco / John Rolfe Little or no sense of family
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“one of America’s most unsuccessful villages” p.36
Jamestown, Virginia Funded by the Virginia Company (a joint-stock company) “one of America’s most unsuccessful villages” p.36 Location Not used to hard work Wanted gold like Spain Starving Time Famine Famine had compelled them to consume “those Hogs, Dogs & horses that were then in the Colony, together with rats, mice, snakes, or what vermin or carrion soever we could light on, as also Toad-stools, Jewes ears, or what else we found growing upon the ground that would fill either mouth or belly; and were driven through unsufferable hunger unnaturally to eat those things which nature most abhorred, the flesh and excrements of man, as well of our own nation as of an Indian, digged by some out of his grave after he had lain buried three days & wholly devoured him…” From the Colonial Records of Virginia
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Was Jamestown destined for failure?
NO! thanks in part to John Smith Brought order out of anarchy Military discipline People hated him…but they lived Also, thanks to John Rolfe Cultivated “stinking weed” (tobacco) Means to make money for the Virginia Company (Also Married Pocahontas)
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Virginia Company Embarrassed the King Virginia became a royal colony
Appointed a governor and council House of Burgesses Gave wealthy planters a voice in government
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Relationship with Natives
At first cooperative and peaceful Uprising of 1622 as tensions result from the fact that the English are staying. Read & Write: Do you think the Native Americans’ actions were justified? Explain Tobacco growth resulted in large dispersed plantations in need of a large labor force Indentured servants and Native Americans supplied that force. Planter social strata emerged
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Colony of Maryland Established as a protected location for colonial Catholics Similar history to Jamestown Period of starvation and death Followed by the salvation of tobacco Also established a plantation social structure Similar to feudalism
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Indentured Servants Settlers who could pay to get to America were free people Indentured Servants Couldn’t afford to come to America Voluntarily surrendered their freedom for a time period in exchange for a ride to America Nearly 2/3 of settlers Could be bought and sold Couldn’t marry without permission from owner Most didn’t live long enough to see freedom
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Emergence of African Slavery
Emergence of Atlantic Slave Trade because of: the abundance of land a shortage of indentured servants the lack of an effective means to enslave native peoples the growing European demand for colonial goods Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanizing aspects of slavery. (rebellion, sabotage, escape)
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Why Africans>Servants?
Weren’t protected by English law Terms of service never expired Skin color made it difficult to hide/run away Accustomed to agricultural labor Resistant to many diseases More economical Strong belief in British racial and cultural superiority Africans seen to be so different that they were “enslavable”
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Other Southern Colonies
The Carolinas North and South Planters from Barbados Extended plantation society Georgia Buffer state between English colonies and Spanish Florida Settled by “good” prisoners from England
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New England Colonies Reading Assignment (don’t just scan for the words: READ)
Puritanism John Calvin Pilgrims Mayflower Compact John Winthrop Great Migration of 1629 Religious Uniformity Roger Williams Anne Hutchinson Pequot War
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New England Colonies The New England colonies, founded primarily by Puritans seeking to establish a community of like- minded religious believers, developed a close-knit homogeneous society and – aided by favorable environmental conditions – a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce.
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Puritanism Believed the Church of England was too much like Catholicism Followed the beliefs of John Calvin world was divided into two groups – the elect and the damned. Hard work and prosperity would indicate that you were among the elect (Puritan Work Ethic) Showed little tolerance for other faiths and dissenters Came to America to escape “corruption” of England Create a “city on a hill”
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Plymouth, 1620 Settled by Pilgrims coming from The Netherlands
Mayflower was blown off course and landed in Massachusetts Were trying to get to Virginia Established Plymouth Signed the Mayflower Compact first written frame of government in what is now the United States Autumn of 1621celebrated at the first Thanksgiving.
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Family as Ordained by the Church
Men Women Male authority in the household Did labor Full church members Religious Leadership Married women had severely limited rights Full church members Religious Leadership
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Government in New England
Each town was self-governing and stressed individualism and social unity. Based on Puritan beliefs Each town had a church and a school Harvard College, 1636 Est. to train an educated ministry Puritan democracy was only for those within the church. To keep the gov’t pure Church and state are closely connected Tolerance of difference was not high on the list of Puritan values.
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More Colonies Appear Roger Williams Thomas Hooker
Banished from Massachusetts Believed in the separation of church and state Established Rhode Island with his followers Thomas Hooker establishes Connecticut Similar to Rhode Island Anne Hutchinson pg.62 Who was she? What was her “crime” and punishment”?
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Middle Colonies The demographically, religiously, and ethnically diverse middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops. Pennsylvania – William Penn – Refuge for Quakers (Society of Friends) New York – purchased from the Dutch Delaware New Jersey
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The Pequot War View and discuss “The Massacre at Mystic” from the series Ten Days that Unexpectedly Changed America. Write: How would you describe relationships between the Puritan settlers and the Pequot before the Pequot War? Why do you think these relationships changed so quickly? Compare and contrast Puritan and Pequot ideas about the following: land and property, division of labor and gender, and warfare?
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Cultures are Changed Continuing contact with Europeans increased the flow of trade goods and diseases into and out of native communities, stimulating cultural and demographic changes. By supplying American Indian allies with deadlier weapons and alcohol and by rewarding Indian military actions, Europeans helped increase the intensity and destructiveness of American Indian warfare.
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