1. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 1 TNE064 Digital Communication Electronics Qin-Zhong Ye ITN Linköping University email: qin-zhong.ye@liu.se http://www.itn.liu.se/~qinye/dce

2. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 2 Text book U. Meyer-Baese Digital Signal Processing with Field Programmable Gate Arrays Second Edition or Third Edition Springer

3. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 3 Digital Signal Porcessing and Digital Communication Systems Introduction (Chapter 1) Computer Arithmetic (Chapter 2) Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Digital Filter (Chapter 3) Fouier Transforms (Chapter 6) Error Control and Cryptography (Chapter 7.2) WLAN and Bluetooth

4. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 4 Introduction Overview of Digital Signal Processing (DSP) FPGA Technology DSP Technology Requirements Design Implementation VHDL

5. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 5

6. 6 Typical DSP Application

7. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 7 Classification of VLSI Circuits

8. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 8 Custom Chips, Standard Cells, and Gate Arrays Custom Chips –Largest number of logic gates –Highest speed –Designer may create any layout. –Large design effort –Long development time –Large production quantity is required.

9. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 9 Standard Cells –Often called Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) –The layout of individual gates (standard cells) is predesigned and stored in a library. –The chip layout can be created automatically by CAD tools because of the regular arrangement of logic gates (cells) in rows.

10. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 10 A section of two rows in a standard-cell chip

11. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 11 Gate Arrays –Transistor layers on the silicon wafer are first fabricated to produce a gate-array template. –Connecting wires are then fabricated on the template to produce a user´s circuit. –The technology is also known as a sea-of-gates technology.

12. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 12 A sea-of-gates gate array

13. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 13 An example of a logic function in a gate array

14. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 14 General structure of a PLA f 1 AND plane OR plane Input buffers inverters and P 1 P k f m 12n x 1 x 1 x n x n Programmable Logic Array (PLA) –A collection of AND gates that feeds a set of OR gates –The inputs to each gate are programmable.

15. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 15 Gate-level diagram of a PLA f 1 P 1 P 2 f 2 x 1 x 2 x 3 OR plane Programmable AND plane connections P 3 P 4

16. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 16 Customary schematic of a PLA f 1 P 1 P 2 f 2 x 1 x 2 x 3 OR plane AND plane P 3 P 4

17. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 17 An example of a PAL f 1 P 1 P 2 f 2 x 1 x 2 x 3 AND plane P 3 P 4 Programmable Array Logic (PAL) –The AND gates are programmable, but the OR gates are fixed.

18. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 18 Output circuitry f 1 To AND plane DQ Clock Select Enable Flip-flop Macrocell

19. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 19 Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLD) –Multiple blocks of sum-of-product logic circuits (PAL-like blocks) –Internal wiring resources (interconnection wires) to connect the circuit blocks –I/O blocks –In-System Programming (ISP) with JTAG port –Nonvolatile programming

20. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 20 Structure of a CPLD PAL-like block I/O block PAL-like block I/O block PAL-like block I/O block PAL-like block I/O block Interconnection wires

21. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 21 A section of a CPLD

22. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 22 Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) –An array of logic blocks –Each logic block typically has a small number of inputs and one output. –FPGA products have different types of logic blocks. –Interconnection wires and switches (routing channels) –I/O blocks –In-System Programming (ISP) with JTAG port –Storage cells are volatile.

23. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 23 Structure of an FPGA Logic block Interconnection switches I/O block

24. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 24 A two-input lookup table Lookup table LUTs usually have 4 to 6 inputs (16 to 64 storage cells).

25. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 25 Inclusion of a flip-flop with a LUT

26. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 26 A section of a programmed FPGA

27. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 27 FPGA Structure Small look-up tables (LUT) –Xilinx XC4000: Eech Configurable Logic Block (CLB) has 2 separate 4-input 1-output LUTs. Each CLB can be used as 16x2- or 32x1-bit RAM or ROM. –Altera Flex 10K: Each Logic Element (LE) consists of a flip-flop, a 4-input 1-output LUT or 3-input 1-output LUT and a fast-carry logic. Large RAM blocks: Embedded Array Blocks (EABs), e.g., 2-kbit RAM

28. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 28 FPL technology

29. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 29 Advantages of FPLD compared with ASIC A reduction in development time (rapid propotyping) by 3 to 4 In-circuit reprogrammability Lower NRE costs resulting in more ecomomical designs for solutions requiring less than 1000 units

30. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 30 Comparison of PDSP and FPGA Programmable Digital Signal Processors (PDSPs) –RISC architecture –Multiply and accumulate (MAC) unit with a multistage pipeline architecture –Suitable for algorithms using MAC FPGA –Suitable for high throughput applications –Suitable for front-end applications (e.g., FIR filters, CORDIC algorithms, FFTs)

31. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 31 Computer Arithmetic Number Representation See Fig. 2.1. Fixed-point numbers –Unsigned integer –Signed magnitude (SM) –Two’s compliment (2C) –One’s compliment (1C) –Diminished one system (D1) –Bias system

32. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 32 Unconventional fixed-point numbers –Signed digit numbers (SD) SD is not unique. Canonic signed digit system (CSD) –With minimum number of none-zero elements Classical CSD coding algorithm Starting with the LSB substitute all 1 sequences equal or larger than two with 10…01. Classical CSD has at least one zero between two digits which may have values 1 or 1. –Carry-free Addition

33. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 33 Multiplication with a constant coefficient –Multiplier Adder Graph (MAG) Factor the coefficient into several factors and realize the individual factors in an optimal CSD sense. One adder: A = 2 k0 (2 k1 ± 2 k2 ) Two adders: A = 2 k0 (2 k1 ± 2 k2 ± 2 k3 ) A = 2 k0 (2 k1 ± 2 k2 ) (2 k3 ± 2 k4 ) Three adders: A = 2 k0 (2 k1 ± 2 k2 ± 2 k3 ± 2 k4 ). See Fig. 2.2 and Fig. 2.3.

34. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 34 Logarithmic Number System (LNS) –Fixed mantissa (system’s radix) –Fractional exponent x = ± r ± e x –Efficient implementation of multiplication, division, square-rooting, or squaring. –Addition and subtraction require look-up tables.

35. Digital Kommunikationselektronik TNE064 Lecture 1 35 Residue Number System (RNS) –RNS is defined with respect to a positive integer basis set {m 1, m 2, …, m L }, where m l ’s are all relatively (pairwise) prime. –An integer X is mapped into a RNS L-tuple X  (x 1, x 2, …, x L ), where x l = X mod m l, for l = 1, 2, …L. –For X = (x 1, x 2, …, x L ) and Y = (y 1, y 2, …, y L ), the algebraic operations +, – or * are defined by z l = x l y l mod m l, for l = 1, 2, …L, and the result is Z = (z 1, z 2, …, z L ).