3.  A parasite is an organism that depends on another organism, known as a host  A parasite depends on its host for shelter and for food  Parasitic infection may cause illness, disease and discomfort, or may show no signs at all

4.  Classification of parasites › Ectoparasite- lives on the host’s body surface (Lice, Flea) › Endoparasite- lives inside the host’s body (Tapeworm, Roundworm)

5.  Classification of parasites › Protazoa- single celled organisms › Helminths- wormlike organisms › Arthropods- organisms characterized by exterior skeletons and segmented bodies

6.  Early human ancestors had parasites, but until recently there was no evidence to support this claim.  Eggs of the lung fluke found in fossilized feces in Northern Chile (estimated 5900 B.C.)  Tapeworm eggs have been found present in Egyptian Mummies (estimated 2000 B.C.-1000 B.C.)

7.  First written records of parasitic infections come Egyptian medicine (3000 B.C.-400 B.C.)  Parsitology writings by Arabic physicians Rhazes (AD 850-923) and Avicenna (AD 980- 1037) clearly defined infections caused by parasites

8.  Parasites not as much of a threat  Intentional placement of parasites in food and water supplies could happen in the future

9.  Researchers are trying to develop vaccines for parasites

11.  threadlike parasitic worm that grows and matures in people.  Worms grow up to 3 feet long and are as wide as a paper clip wire.  Causes Dracunculiasis or Guinea Worm Disease.

12.  Occurs mostly in Africa  Contracted by drinking water that is contaminated by a water flea that is infected with the larvae of the Guinea Worm

13.  For the first year the immature worms cling to the walls of your intestines and mate.  After fertilization of female worms, the male dies.  Female worms will make there way through the body ending near lower limbs, maturing to 3 feet.

14.  Signs and Symptoms › Fever, pain and swelling in area where worm is about to emerge › Blister forms › When the wound is immerged in water the worm will emerge

15.  Guinea Worm treatment › Using a small stick, wrap around the end of the worm and remove little bits at a time › Treatment may take weeks or even months

17.  Lives in small intestine of its host  Two types: › Ancylostoma duodenale › Necator americanus  Infects more than 600 million people worldwide

18.  Worms are grayish white/pinkish with the head slightly bent in relation to the rest of the body  Two sets of teeth  Males 1 cm by 0.5 mm  Females much longer and stouter  Predominates in Middle East, North Africa, India, southern Europe

19.  Smaller than A. duodenale  Males usually 5-9 mm long  Females 1 cm long

20.  Possesses a pair of cutting plates in the buccal capsule  Hook shape is more define in Necator than in Ancylostoma  Predominates in Americas, Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, China, and Indonesia

21.  Ground-itch, an allergic reaction at the site of parasitic penetration and entry  Cough and pneumonitis, may result as larvae begin to break into the alveoli and travel up trachea  Larvae reach the small intestine of host and begin to mature, the infected individual will suffer from diarrhea and other gastrointestinal discomfort

22.  Signs and symptoms › Can be linked to inflammation in the gut stimulated by feeding hookworms such as:  Nausea  Palpitations  Abdominal Pain  Anemia  Shortness of breath  Thready pulse  Edema

23.  The eggs can only hatch if the following conditions exist: › Thrives in warm earth where temperatures are over 18°C › Exist primarily in sandy or loamy soil and cannot live in clay or muck › Rainfall averages must be more than 1000mm a year  Necator americanus can survive at higher temperatures than Ancylostoma duodenale

25.  Diagnosis › Finding characteristic worm eggs on microscopic examination of the stools, although this is not possible in early infection › Eggs are:  Oval or elliptical  60 micrometers by 40 micrometers  Not bile stained  Thin transparent hyaline shell membrane

26.  Prevention › Do not defecate in places other than the restroom › Do not use human excrement or raw sewage or untreated ‘night soil’ as manure/fertilizer in agriculture › Do not walk barefoot in known infected areas › Deworm your pets

27.  Can be treated with local cryotherapy when it is still in the skin  Albendazole is effective both in the intestinal stage and during the stage the parasite is still migrating under the skin  Most common treatment: › Benzimidazoles (BZAs) (kills adult worms)  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BqAfhT11Ed8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BqAfhT11Ed8

29.  Parasite that causes the infection, Giardiasis (A.K.A Beaver Fever)  Effects up to 2.5 million people a year in the United States  Giardiasis is the most seen waterborne illness in people

30.  Cysts are found in the feces of the infected and water contaminated by the infected  Spread person to person by contamination of food with feces, or by direct fecal-oral contamination

31.  Diagnosed by examination of stool under microscope for cysts or trophozoites  Antigen testing of stool will identify up to 90% of people infected  Collection of fluid from the duodenum or biopsy of small intestine can also be tested

32.  Signs and symptoms › Diarrhea in 60-90% of patients › Abdominal pain › Bloating › Nausea with or without vomitting › Malaise › Fatigue › Foul flatus › Burping › Halitosis- foul smelling breath › Lactose intolerance may occur in some cases

33.  Preventive measures › Practice good hygiene › Avoid contaminated water › Avoid food that may be contaminated › Avoid fecal exposure during sexual intercourse, especially while experiencing diarrhea from giardiasis

34.  Treatment for Giardiasis › Furoxene for 7-10 days (Only approved drug in U.S.) › Outside U.S. Tinidazole is approved for use › Metronidazole is most effective drug to treat Giardiasis, however, it is not FDA approved in the U.S.

36.  Most important and recognized types of flukes are: › Paragonimus westermani, lung fluke that causes paragonmiasis › Clonorchis Sinensis, liver fluke that causes clonorchiasis › Opisthorcus spp., which causes opisthorchiasis

37.  Adult flukes are typically flat, oval- shaped  Layer of muscles just below the skin, that allows the worm to expand and contract it’s shape enabling it to move  Oral sucker on the anterior end, sometimes ringed with hooks, that it uses to attach itself to the host’s tissues

38.  Flukes are commonly found throughout Africa, South America, Middle-East, and Asia  Not common in North America but cases have been reported  Approximately 50 million cases worldwide

39.  Contracted by eating raw or undercooked crabs and crayfish or drinking from a contaminated water supply  Lung flukes travel to the small intestine and then migrate towards lungs  Fluke parasites lay eggs and cause inflammation and scar tissue to develop  These pockets of infection may rupture, causing infected person to cough up fluke eggs, blood, and inflamed lung tissue.

40.  Lung fluke symptoms › Chest pain › Fever › Abdominal pain › Diarrhea › Bloody sputum  Liver fluke symptoms › Chronic diarrhea › Abdominal pain › Ulcers › Liver damage › Toxemia can occur when host’s body absorbs the worm’s metabolites

41.  Only limited information is known about treating fluke infections  There are a few medications used to kill flukes: › Praziquantel › Niclosamide › Tetrachloroethylene

43.  Sexually transmitted infection caused by the protozoa Trichomonas vaginalis  One of the most common STDs in the United States  Increases the risk of HIV transmission  Associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, infertility, postoperative infections, and cervical neoplasia

44.  The parasite is sexually transmitted through penis-to-vagina intercourse or vulva-to-vulva contact with an infected partner  Women can acquire the disease from infected men or women, but men usually contract it only from infected women

46.  Approximately the size of a WBC  Flagellum allows it to move around vaginal and urethral tissues  Symptoms occur after an incubation period of 4-28 days

47.  In women: › Isolated from the vagina, cervix, urethra, bladder, and Bartholin and Skene glands  In men: › Found in the anterior urethra, external genitalia, prostate, epididymis, and semen

48.  Signs and Symptoms › Frothy, yellow-green vaginal discharge with a strong odor › Discomfort during intercourse and urination › Irritation and itching of female genital area › Lower abdominal pain

49.  A health care provider must perform a physical examination and laboratory test  The parasite is harder to detect in men than women  In a pelvic examination of a female it may reveal small red ulcerations on the vaginal wall or cervix  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7j5Th5e qXko&NR=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7j5Th5e qXko&NR=1

50.  Trichomoniasis. (2010). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichomoniasis  CDC fact sheet Trichomoniasis. (2007). What is trichomoniasis? Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/std/trichomonas/stdfa ct-trichomoniasis.htm  Trichomoniasis. (2010). Emedicine. Retrieved from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230617 -print

51.  Guinea Worm Disease Facts. (n.d.). Retrieved August 12, 2010, from Department of Health Promotion and Education: http://www.dhpe.org/infect/guinea.html  Guinea-Worm Disease. (2010). Retrieved August 15, 2010, from World Health Organization: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/ diseases/guinea/en/

52.  Parasites. (2008, May 1). Retrieved August 15, 2010, from Center for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/about parasites.htm  Parasitology. (n.d.). Retrieved August 15, 2010, from Parasitology: http://www.parasitology.com

53.  Group, Edward F, (2009). http://cmr.asm.org/ggi/content/full/15/4/595  Group, Edward F, (2009). http://parasite- cleanse.com/fluke-parasite.htmlhttp://parasite- cleanse.com/fluke-parasite.html http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/lifes cience/generalbiology/microbiology/parasiticflukes/ parasiticflukes.htm http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/lifes cience/generalbiology/microbiology/parasiticflukes/ parasiticflukes.htm  http://science.jrank.org/pages/5029/parasites- trematodes-flukes.html http://science.jrank.org/pages/5029/parasites- trematodes-flukes.html  http://www.personal-wellness- consultant.com/physical-causes/parasite/flukes http://www.personal-wellness- consultant.com/physical-causes/parasite/flukes  www.medicinenet.com ›... › giardia lamblia indexgiardia lamblia index