1. FoG:IS Civil-Military Relations in the Information Age Ralf Bendrath, Berlin FoG:IS Forschungsgruppe Research Group Informationsgesellschaft und Information Society and SicherheitspolitikSecurity Policy International School on Disarmament and Research on Conflicts ISODARCO Trento/Italy, August 2002

2. FoG:IS Overview n What are civil-military relations? n Are they in a crisis? n Are they changing? n Some theory (only some!) n Examples u C 4 ISR / “system of systems” u critical infrastructure protection u information warfare n Conclusion

3. FoG:IS Civil-Military Relations (CMR) n Traditionally understood as: u relations between military commanders and the civilian government u clear distinction btw. civil and military spheres, roles, duties etc. u professional identity of the soldier as the exclusive “manager of organized violence” (S. Huntington: The Soldier and the State) u “Politicians decide about war, Soldiers wage war” u aim: civilian control of the military

4. FoG:IS CMR in a Crisis? Not really! n 1990s: “Crisis of CMR” all over n but: just some generals too much interested in politics and some president not too much interested in war n simple solutions: fire the CJCS, elect a new president, throw money at it,...

5. FoG:IS “We give special thanks to Mr. Bush and all the allies: the British, the French, the Egyptians, CNN.” A Man from Kuwait, 1991

6. FoG:IS CMR in a Crisis? Well... n maybe not that simple? n political impact of military action in times of worldwide media

7. FoG:IS

8. “If you spend all day on a computer typing, that warrior ethos goes away, and pretty soon you´re just a diary clerk or a supply guy.” Master Gunnery Sgt. Cardo Urso, chief instructor at the Marine Corps´ Martial Arts Training Program

9. FoG:IS “Our future leaders of command must understand the interrelationships among military power, diplomacy, and economic pressure, as well as the role of various government agencies and non- governmental actors, in achieving our security objectives.” Joint Chiefs of Staff: Joint Vision 2010, Washington D.C. 1996

10. FoG:IS “IO greatly expands the commander’s battlespace, including interaction with the media, industry, joint forces, multinational forces and computer / satellite networks worldwide.” Arneson/Starry, FM 100-6: Information Operations, in: Military Review, 1996

11. FoG:IS “We are not in the business of killing.” General Norman Schwarzkopf

12. FoG:IS CMR in a Crisis? Well... n post-heroic / no direct combat / tooth-to-tail n military profession & exclusivity n C 4 ISR / micro-management n intelligence n information warfare n national security and defense / CIP n Information age: systemic crisis of CMR?

13. FoG:IS Theory I: Crisis n Crisis of u man (identity / the subject) u the state (networked state) u war (postmodern, info, cyber, high- tech, hyperreal,...) n Crisis of modernity? u ”The most significant fact about civil-military relations is the modernity of the concept” (Amos Perlmutter, Political Roles and Military Rulers, London 1981)

14. FoG:IS Theory II: The system of CMR n Crisis as a property of the system n individual F military profession F role / identity / exclusivity n social agents: F state, military - and others? n systemic norms: F civilian control of the military - what else?

15. FoG:IS Change - What Change? n change within the military n change within the system of CMR n change of the system of CMR

16. FoG:IS Examples n C 4 ISR / “system of systems” for conventional war n critical infrastructure protection n information warfare

17. FoG:IS C 4 ISR / “System of Systems” n Network of everything F from individual soldier to White House F political micro-management F the end of mission tactics less command, more control F Air Force without pilots? F FOFI for the single soldier n Real-time F computer-aided warfare F formal models of professional war

18. FoG:IS C 4 ISR / “System of Systems” n Computer-mediated perception F reducing complexity F dissemination, need-to-know F simulation & over-specialization F C 4 KISR: control by machines? F Integration of intelligence systems F open source intelligence F tactical info for political bargains F intelligence units closer to fighters F Predator: CIA-operators as soldiers?

19. FoG:IS C 4 ISR / “System of Systems” n Civil providers F IT-contractors on the battlefield F NMCI example F post-heroic military profession? n CIMIC F info-sharing with INGOs & NGOs

20. FoG:IS Critical Infrastructure Protection n New enemies and threats F Teenagers? F Hacktivists? F Criminals? F Terrorists? F States? n Attack from at home or abroad?

21. FoG:IS Critical Infrastructure Protection n Who is in charge? F Military? F Law enforcement agencies? F Intelligence? F Owners of the infrastructures? n What´s it in the end? F IT security F IT forensics F coordination

22. FoG:IS Critical Infrastructure Protection n protect your own network! n info-sharing between LEA, Intelligence, private companies, IT-Sec community n new complexity n what is security? F national security? F economic security? F IT-security? n „national security“ obsolete for transnational networks?

23. FoG:IS Information Warfare n distinctions become blurry: n Targets: military / civilian?

24. FoG:IS Joint Chiefs of Staff: JP 3-13, Joint Doctrine for Information Operations, Washington D.C., October 1998, p. I-17

25. FoG:IS Information Warfare n distinctions become blurry: n Targets: military / civilian? n Time: war - peace?

26. FoG:IS Joint Chiefs of Staff: JP 3-13, Joint Doctrine for Information Operations, Washington D.C., October 1998, p. II-8

27. FoG:IS Information Warfare n Targets: military / civilian? n Time: war - peace? n Space: battlespace / info-environment / cyberspace? n Operational: IO central, not only support n Identity: hackers, journalists,...?

28. FoG:IS Info-Ops = Counterinsurgency? “Low-intensity conflict is basically a struggle for people´s minds. (...) In such a battle, psychological operations are more important than fire power (...) Insurgencies, therefore, are primarily political and psychological struggles; military considerations are secondary.” U.S. Army TRADOC: Joint Low-Intensity Conflict Project Final Report, Vol. 1: Analytical Review of Low-Intensity Conflict, 1986

29. FoG:IS Information Warfare n Soft Power / Noopolitik n Who targets information? F State Department? F White House? F Pentagon PA? F Pentagon Info-Ops? F VoA? F CNN? F MTV? n parlamentary & public control?

30. FoG:IS Change of CMR? n Change within the military F end of mission tactics F de- / re-centralization F new tasks info-ops CIP F more tail than tooth F post-heroic soldiers n change already halfway done

31. FoG:IS Change of CMR? n Change within the system of CMR F political fine-tuning of operations F but: some are like covert operations F parlamentary oversight? F politically / culturally educated soldiers F End of the “American Way of War” F intelligence closer to shooters n still in the process of change

32. FoG:IS Change of CMR? n Change of the system of CMR F CIP: domestic / international security? F info-ops: non-physical violence F Soft Power F the end of war as we know it F cf. Foucault on domestic violence n much resistance against change

33. FoG:IS It could be just junk mail, Colonel, or the beginning of a major enemy attack...

34. FoG:IS Thanks for listening ! n Dipl. Pol. Ralf Bendrath n mailto: ralf.bendrath@fogis.de n http://www.fogis.de n http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~bendrath n http:// archive.infopeace.de