1. BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND EASTERN EUROPE: FROM CLASSICAL SURVIVOR TO ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY

2. FROM ROMAN EMPIRE TO BYZANTINE EMPIRE The later Roman empire The later Roman empire Western half crumbled, eastern half remained intactWestern half crumbled, eastern half remained intact Eastern half was largely Christian and Greek speaking Eastern half was largely Christian and Greek speaking Eastern half also contained different Christian sects Eastern half also contained different Christian sects Great wealth and large population Great wealth and large population The Byzantine emperors faced different challengesThe Byzantine emperors faced different challenges Conflict with Sasanid dynasty (226-641 C.E.) in Persia Conflict with Sasanid dynasty (226-641 C.E.) in Persia Invasions of migratory peoples from the north and east Invasions of migratory peoples from the north and east The early Byzantine State The early Byzantine State Tightly centralized rule of a highly exalted emperorTightly centralized rule of a highly exalted emperor Caesaropapism: Emperor is both Caesar and popeCaesaropapism: Emperor is both Caesar and pope The state and church are separate The state and church are separate Emperor appoints patriarchs, influence over pope Emperor appoints patriarchs, influence over pope Emperors also stood above the lawEmperors also stood above the law Dress and court etiquette designed to enhance ruler Dress and court etiquette designed to enhance ruler Adopted Oriental style monarchy with all the symbols Adopted Oriental style monarchy with all the symbols

3. JUSTINIAN AND THEODORA From 476 to late 6 th Century CE From 476 to late 6 th Century CE Empire was weak in EuropeEmpire was weak in Europe Dealt with invasionsDealt with invasions Justinian and Theodora Justinian and Theodora Couple came from obscure originsCouple came from obscure origins Seized power through bureaucracySeized power through bureaucracy Theodora was a strong advisorTheodora was a strong advisor Justinian Code Justinian Code Issued Corpus Iuris Civilis (The Body of the Civil Law)Issued Corpus Iuris Civilis (The Body of the Civil Law) The code influenced civil law codes of western EuropeThe code influenced civil law codes of western Europe Byzantine conquests Byzantine conquests Belisarius (Justinian General) re-conquered part of western Empire (North Africa, Italy, coast of Southern Spain)Belisarius (Justinian General) re-conquered part of western Empire (North Africa, Italy, coast of Southern Spain) Threats from Sasanids and Slavic peoples Threats from Sasanids and Slavic peoples Persians were a constant threatPersians were a constant threat Slavs migrated into Balkans; settled in interior landsSlavs migrated into Balkans; settled in interior lands

4. BYZANTINE EMPIRE c. 600 CE

5. THREAT OF ISLAM The emergence of the Islamic state The emergence of the Islamic state Arab peoples conquered Sasanid empire and part of ByzantiumArab peoples conquered Sasanid empire and part of Byzantium Lost Egypt, North Africa, Fertile Crecsent, Crete, Cyprus Lost Egypt, North Africa, Fertile Crecsent, Crete, Cyprus Prolonged sieges of Constantinople by Islamic armiesProlonged sieges of Constantinople by Islamic armies Byzantine survived partly because of "Greek fire*"Byzantine survived partly because of "Greek fire*" Imperial organization Imperial organization Government run by trained bureaucracy, professional armyGovernment run by trained bureaucracy, professional army The theme system strengthened Byzantine societyThe theme system strengthened Byzantine society Under rule of general, who ran army, civil bureaucracy Under rule of general, who ran army, civil bureaucracy Responsible for protecting peasants Responsible for protecting peasants Themes were provinces organized on a military basis Themes were provinces organized on a military basis Local officials recruited troops from within theme Local officials recruited troops from within theme Aristocrats limited by army, emperor, bureaucracyAristocrats limited by army, emperor, bureaucracy The revival of the empire The revival of the empire Re-conquered Syria, Crete, Cyprus: 10 th centuryRe-conquered Syria, Crete, Cyprus: 10 th century "Basil the Bulgar Slayer,*" crushed Bulgars in Balkans"Basil the Bulgar Slayer,*" crushed Bulgars in Balkans

6. THE THREAT OF ISLAM

7. BYZANTIUM & WESTERN EUROPE Tensions between Greeks and Latins Tensions between Greeks and Latins Ecclesiastical tensionsEcclesiastical tensions Constantinople Constantinople Greek was religious languageGreek was religious language Emperors were in charge of country and religion.Emperors were in charge of country and religion. Rome Rome Latin was chief languageLatin was chief language Autonomy from imperial authoritiesAutonomy from imperial authorities Rivalry for conversion of Slavs Rivalry for conversion of Slavs Political grievances Political grievances Perceived false claims on imperial authority (Holy Roman EmperorsPerceived false claims on imperial authority (Holy Roman Emperors Charlemagne received imperial crown in 800Charlemagne received imperial crown in 800 Otto of Saxony claimed himself an emperor in 962Otto of Saxony claimed himself an emperor in 962 Byzantines felt they were only legitimate emperorByzantines felt they were only legitimate emperor Rivalry over Southern Italy and SicilyRivalry over Southern Italy and Sicily

8. BYZANTINE ECONOMY The Agricultural Economy The Agricultural Economy The peasantryThe peasantry The backbone of the Byzantine army and economy The backbone of the Byzantine army and economy Landless peasants worked as share-croppers Landless peasants worked as share-croppers Invasions of 6 th, 7th century led to theme system Invasions of 6 th, 7th century led to theme system Since 11th century, free peasants declined Since 11th century, free peasants declined Consequences of the peasantry's declineConsequences of the peasantry's decline Landowners shifted taxes to peasants Landowners shifted taxes to peasants Landowners raised forces on estates Landowners raised forces on estates Pool of military recruits shrank Pool of military recruits shrank Industry and Trade Industry and Trade Manufacturing enterprisesManufacturing enterprises Byzantine craftsmen had high reputation in various industries Byzantine craftsmen had high reputation in various industries High-quality silk became important industry; imperial monopoly High-quality silk became important industry; imperial monopoly TradeTrade Constantinople, important for Eurasian, Mediterranean trade Constantinople, important for Eurasian, Mediterranean trade Solidus was the standard currency of the Mediterranean basin Solidus was the standard currency of the Mediterranean basin Byzantium drew enormous wealth from foreign trade Byzantium drew enormous wealth from foreign trade Banks and partnerships supported commercial economyBanks and partnerships supported commercial economy

9. URBAN LIFE Urban Life Urban Life The capital was the heart of the empireThe capital was the heart of the empire Housing in ConstantinopleHousing in Constantinople Enormous palaces owned by aristocrats Enormous palaces owned by aristocrats Less splendid dwellings owned by less privileged classes Less splendid dwellings owned by less privileged classes Attractions of ConstantinopleAttractions of Constantinople City of baths, taverns, restaurants, theaters, Hippodrome City of baths, taverns, restaurants, theaters, Hippodrome The most popular game - chariot races The most popular game - chariot races Greens and Blues Greens and Blues The two factions of fans for chariot racesThe two factions of fans for chariot races Frequent fights in the street between them*Frequent fights in the street between them* Joined together in a popular uprising, 532 (Nike Rebellion*). The riot left Constantinople in shamblesJoined together in a popular uprising, 532 (Nike Rebellion*). The riot left Constantinople in shambles

10. THE CITY OF CONSTANTINOPLE

11. TWIN LEGACIES Byzantine education Byzantine education State-organized school system, State-organized school system, Schools trained government bureaucrats Schools trained government bureaucrats Private education for aristocratic families Private education for aristocratic families Basic literacy was widespread even among lower classes Basic literacy was widespread even among lower classes Citizens constantly engaged in intellectual disputes Citizens constantly engaged in intellectual disputes Scholarship Scholarship Emphasis on humanities, classics Emphasis on humanities, classics Arts, architecture important for state, church Arts, architecture important for state, church Natural science generally ignored Natural science generally ignored Educated considered heirs of classical Greece Educated considered heirs of classical Greece Christianity (Church) was other legacy Christianity (Church) was other legacy

12. HAGIA SOFIA

13. BYZANTINE CHURCH Church and state Church and state Church's close relationship with the imperial governmentChurch's close relationship with the imperial government Constantine actively participated in religious debateConstantine actively participated in religious debate Under emperors, church was department of stateUnder emperors, church was department of state Iconoclasm Iconoclasm Controversy over use of icons in religious servicesControversy over use of icons in religious services Old Testament prohibition on false images, Islamic influences Old Testament prohibition on false images, Islamic influences Iconoclasts wanted to purge all churches of icons Iconoclasts wanted to purge all churches of icons Ban inaugurated by Emperor Leo III in 726 C.E.Ban inaugurated by Emperor Leo III in 726 C.E. Unpopular policy sparked protests, riots throughout the empire Unpopular policy sparked protests, riots throughout the empire Opposed by Western Christians, Pope Opposed by Western Christians, Pope The iconoclasts abandoned their effort in 843 C.E.The iconoclasts abandoned their effort in 843 C.E. Much protest, excommunications from pope Much protest, excommunications from pope Emperors worried Emperors worried Greek Philosophy and Byzantine theology Greek Philosophy and Byzantine theology Examine theology from philosophical point of viewExamine theology from philosophical point of view Debate about Jesus' nature, a philosophical issueDebate about Jesus' nature, a philosophical issue Arian Heresy* Arian Heresy*

14. THE GREAT SCHISM Constantinople and Rome Constantinople and Rome Political rivalry in Central Europe, Balkans, Southern ItalyPolitical rivalry in Central Europe, Balkans, Southern Italy Iconoclastic movement in the east criticized by the westIconoclastic movement in the east criticized by the west Emperors vs. Popes Emperors vs. Popes Who is head of the church – pope or an emperor Who is head of the church – pope or an emperor Ritual, doctrinal differencesRitual, doctrinal differences Leavened vs. unleavened bread Leavened vs. unleavened bread Marriage of priests Marriage of priests Liturgy in the vernacular Liturgy in the vernacular Council rule versus the monarchical style of the pope Council rule versus the monarchical style of the pope Filoque controversy: Holy Spirit – from who does it proceed? Filoque controversy: Holy Spirit – from who does it proceed? Schism Schism Power struggle led to mutual excommunication, 1054Power struggle led to mutual excommunication, 1054