1. Byzantine Empire: (A.K.A. Byzantium) 476 C.E.- 1453 C.E.

2. Historical Periods Ancient Ancient Classical Classical Post-Classical Post-Classical c. 500 C.E.- 1500 C.E.c. 500 C.E.- 1500 C.E.

3. BYZANTINE EMPIRE c. 600 CE

4. FROM ROMAN EMPIRE TO BYZANTINE EMPIRE The later Roman empire The later Roman empire Western half crumbled, eastern half remained intactWestern half crumbled, eastern half remained intact contained different Christian sects contained different Christian sects Great wealth and large population Great wealth and large population The Byzantine emperors faced different challengesThe Byzantine emperors faced different challenges Conflict with Sasanid dynasty (226-641 C.E.) in Persia Conflict with Sasanid dynasty (226-641 C.E.) in Persia Invasions of migratory peoples from the north and east Invasions of migratory peoples from the north and east The early Byzantine State The early Byzantine State Centralized RuleCentralized Rule Highly Exalted EmperorHighly Exalted Emperor stood above the law stood above the law

5. Byzantine Empire Survives Geographic Location Geographic Location ConstantinopleConstantinople Border shared with EuropeBorder shared with Europe Stronger administration Stronger administration Centralized rule by a highly exalted EmperorerCentralized rule by a highly exalted Emperorer Emperor Stood above the law Emperor Stood above the law Caesaropapism: Emperor is both Caesar and pope Caesaropapism: Emperor is both Caesar and pope Greater Wealth Greater Wealth Able to gather more manpower to defend borders Able to gather more manpower to defend borders

6. Byzantine Empire c. 500 CE

7. Justinian 527-565 CE Attempted to conquer lost half Attempted to conquer lost half of Roman Empire Justinian Code Justinian Code Issued Corpus Juris Civilis (TheIssued Corpus Juris Civilis (The Body of the Civil Law) The code influenced civil law codes of western EuropeThe code influenced civil law codes of western Europe Extensive Building program Extensive Building program Theodora: strong advisor to Justinian Theodora: strong advisor to Justinian Theodosius: 380 CE Makes Christianity Official Religion Theodosius: 380 CE Makes Christianity Official Religion

8. Hagia Sofia

9. Hagia Sofia Interior

10. THE THREAT OF ISLAM

11. THREAT OF ISLAM The emergence of the Islamic state The emergence of the Islamic state Arab peoples conquered Sassanid's and part of ByzantiumArab peoples conquered Sassanid's and part of Byzantium Lost Egypt, North Africa, and Fertile Crescent Lost Egypt, North Africa, and Fertile Crescent Prolonged sieges of Constantinople by Islamic armiesProlonged sieges of Constantinople by Islamic armies Byzantine survived partly because of "Greek fire"Byzantine survived partly because of "Greek fire"

12. THE CITY OF CONSTANTINOPLE

13. MAP OF THE EMPIRE

14. BYZANTINE ECONOMY The Agricultural Economy The Agricultural Economy The peasantryThe peasantry The backbone of the Byzantine army and economy The backbone of the Byzantine army and economy Landless peasants worked as share-croppers Landless peasants worked as share-croppers Invasions of 6 th, 7th century led to theme system Invasions of 6 th, 7th century led to theme system Since 11th century, free peasants declined Since 11th century, free peasants declined Consequences of the peasantry's declineConsequences of the peasantry's decline Landowners shifted taxes to peasants Landowners shifted taxes to peasants Landowners raised forces on estates Landowners raised forces on estates Pool of military recruits shrank Pool of military recruits shrank Industry and Trade Industry and Trade Manufacturing enterprisesManufacturing enterprises Byzantine craftsmen had high reputation in various industries Byzantine craftsmen had high reputation in various industries High-quality silk became most important industry High-quality silk became most important industry TradeTrade Constantinople, important for Eurasian, Mediterranean trade Constantinople, important for Eurasian, Mediterranean trade Byzantium drew enormous wealth from foreign trade Byzantium drew enormous wealth from foreign trade Banks and partnerships supported commercial economyBanks and partnerships supported commercial economy

15. Imperial Organization Government run by trained bureaucracy, professional armyGovernment run by trained bureaucracy, professional army The theme system strengthened Byzantine societyThe theme system strengthened Byzantine society Under rule of general, who ran army, civil bureaucracy Under rule of general, who ran army, civil bureaucracy Responsible for protecting peasants Responsible for protecting peasants Themes were provinces organized on a military basis Themes were provinces organized on a military basis Local officials recruited troops from within theme Local officials recruited troops from within theme Aristocrats limited by army, emperor, bureaucracyAristocrats limited by army, emperor, bureaucracy

16. BYZANTINE CHURCH Church and state Church and state Church's close relationship with the imperial governmentChurch's close relationship with the imperial government Caesaropapism: Emperor is both Caesar and pope Caesaropapism: Emperor is both Caesar and pope Constantine actively participated in religious debateConstantine actively participated in religious debate Council of Nicaea Council of Nicaea Under emperors, church was department of stateUnder emperors, church was department of state Iconoclasm Iconoclasm Controversy over use of icons in religious servicesControversy over use of icons in religious services Old Testament prohibition on false images, Islamic influences Old Testament prohibition on false images, Islamic influences Iconoclasts wanted to purge all churches of icons Iconoclasts wanted to purge all churches of icons The iconoclasts abandoned their effort in 843 C.E.The iconoclasts abandoned their effort in 843 C.E. Much protest, excommunications from pope Much protest, excommunications from pope Emperors worried church would fall apart Emperors worried church would fall apart Greek Philosophy and Byzantine theology Greek Philosophy and Byzantine theology Examine theology from philosophical point of viewExamine theology from philosophical point of view Debate about Jesus's nature, a philosophical issueDebate about Jesus's nature, a philosophical issue

17. Hagia Sofia

18. THE GREAT SCHISM Constantinople and Rome Constantinople and Rome Iconoclastic movement in the east criticized by the westIconoclastic movement in the east criticized by the west Emperors vs. Popes Emperors vs. Popes Who is head of the church – pope or an emperor Who is head of the church – pope or an emperor Ritual, doctrinal differencesRitual, doctrinal differences Leavened vs. unleavened bread Leavened vs. unleavened bread Marriage of priests Marriage of priests Liturgy in the vernacular Liturgy in the vernacular Council rule versus the monarchical style of the pope Council rule versus the monarchical style of the pope Filoque controversy: Holy Spirit – from who does it proceed? Filoque controversy: Holy Spirit – from who does it proceed? Schism Schism Power struggle led to mutual excommunication, 1054Power struggle led to mutual excommunication, 1054 Rivalry between pope, patriarch Rivalry between pope, patriarch Papal ambassador excommunicated patriarch; vise versa Papal ambassador excommunicated patriarch; vise versa Origins of Eastern Orthodox & Roman Catholic churchesOrigins of Eastern Orthodox & Roman Catholic churches It was really post-1054 actions were made split permanentIt was really post-1054 actions were made split permanent

19. DOMESTIC PROBLEMS AND FOREIGN CHALLENGES Social problems Social problems Free peasants were declining in number and prosperityFree peasants were declining in number and prosperity Imperial government had fewer recruits, many fiscal problemsImperial government had fewer recruits, many fiscal problems Challenges from the east Challenges from the east Muslim Seljuk Turks invaded Anatolia, defeat Byzantines, 1071Muslim Seljuk Turks invaded Anatolia, defeat Byzantines, 1071 Also took control of Abbasid Caliphate, Holy places in JerusalemAlso took control of Abbasid Caliphate, Holy places in Jerusalem The loss of Anatolia sealed the fate of the Byzantine empireThe loss of Anatolia sealed the fate of the Byzantine empire Challenges from the west Challenges from the west The fourth crusade sacked ConstantinopleThe fourth crusade sacked Constantinople Byzantine forces recaptured the capital in 1261Byzantine forces recaptured the capital in 1261 Byzantines never recoveredByzantines never recovered Turks gradually push Byzantines out of Asia; into Europe Turks gradually push Byzantines out of Asia; into Europe

20. MAP OF BYZANTINE PROBLEMS

21. Fall of Byzantine Empire Constantinople Falls Constantinople Falls May 29, 1453 CEMay 29, 1453 CE Last Byzantine Emperor Constantine XILast Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Died in Battle Died in Battle