1. Unit 1: Paragraph to Short Essay part 2. Monday, March 16 th, 2009 Reference: Morenberg, M. & Sommers, J. (2003). The writer’s options: Lessons in style and arrangement, pp.143-158.

2. Review Topic sentence Unity Coherence Cohesion Sentences Words Smallest units Larger units Paragraphs Essays

3. IV. COHESION When the relationship btw different sentences or different parts of sentences are clearly linked to one another, a passage has cohesion. Coherence 連貫性 Cohesion 緊密性 Relationship between ideas.Relationships between sentences, or parts of sentences. To use a pattern of organization. 1.Conjunctions 2.References 3.Structural sentences.

4. Ways of reaching cohesion: A.Using connectives and connective phrases. B.Using reference to a previously stated word or phrase by repetition, pronouns, or synonyms. C.Arranging sentences into structural patterns.

5. A. Using connectives and connective phrases The second sentence gives an illustration or example The second sentence adds another point The second sentence restates, summarizes, or shows a result The second sentence expresses a contrast For example, For instance, For one thing, To illustrate, and, also, too, then, first, second, next, Furthermore, Moreover, In addition, so, thus, In fact, Therefore, As a result, Accordingly, In other words, but, still, yet, However, Even so, Nevertheless, By contrast, On the other hand,

6. 1. Connective words Many Americans think that Niagara Falls is the highest waterfall in the world. Angel Falls in Venezuela, at 3,212 feet, is roughly twenty times higher. But

7. 2. Connective phrases & clauses Some arid regions of the world receive an average of only two- or three-hundredths of an inch of rain annually and may go for years without getting a drop. It usually comes in torrential downpours. Some arid regions of the world receive an average of only two- or three-hundredths of an inch of rain annually and may go for years without getting a drop. But when the rain does come, it usually comes in torrential downpours.

8. Peer Review Time

9. B. Using reference to a previously stated word or phrase Repeat words Use pronouns Create synonyms

10. 1. Repetition Agatha Christie earned world renown as the author of numerous mystery tales. But non of the fictional takes is more mysterious than the true story of her own disappearance in 1926. Waves of shock rumbled throughout the British public when the newspapers proclaimed that Christie had vanished. Not until several months later was she discovered, supposedly afflicted with amnesia, working as a nanny in Yorkshire manor house. To this day, her fans are intrigued because she was gone for so long without being discovered. Topic sentence Concluding sentence

11. Agatha Christie earned world renown as the author of numerous mystery tales. But non of the fictional takes is more mysterious than the true story of her own disappearance in 1926. Waves of shock rumbled throughout the British public when the newspapers proclaimed that Christie had vanished. Not until several months later was she discovered, supposedly afflicted with amnesia, working as a nanny in Yorkshire manor house. To this day, her fans are intrigued by the mystery of her disappearance.

12. 2. Pronouns Virgos are simple and gentle people, with a need to serve humanity. Careful and precise by nature, Virgos make excellent secretaries ad nurses. Virgos warm, shining eyes and their bright appearances conceal their burning desire for love.

13. Virgos are simple and gentle people, with a need to serve humanity. Careful and precise by nature, they make excellent secretaries ad nurses. Their warm, shining eyes and their bright appearances conceal their burning desire for love.

14. 3. Synonyms Landlords usually require a renter to sign a very complicated contract called a lease. It stipulates the length of time the person must stay in the apartment and the amount of rent he/she must pay. It can limit the number of people allowed to live in and restrict the renter from having pets. The agreement also includes the responsibilities of the landlord, such as providing adequate heat, garbage removal, and exterior maintenance.

15. C. Arranging sentences into structural patterns Place parallel ideas into parallel structures. Organize old and new information into proper sequences.

16. 1. Parallel strucures The 1960s brought to American pop music a fusion of radically different geographic and cultural influences. The influence of religion and mysticism which came from the East made popular such instruments as the table and the sitar. A Caribbean influence was southern in origin, branching into such forms as reggae and calypso, with their steel drums and marimbas.

17. The 1960s brought to American pop music a fusion of radically different geographic and cultural influences. From the East came the influence of religion and mysticism, which made popular such instruments as the table and the sitar. From the South came the Caribbean influence, branching into such forms as reggae and calypso, with their steel drums and marimbas.

18. Exercise: Handout p.155 Exercise: Handout p.157

19. From Paragraph to Short Essay

20. Similarity & Difference? – Difference: a short essay is longer than a paragraph. – Similarity: both have similar structures. STRUCTURE ParagraphShort Essay Introduction topic sentencethesis statement Body paragraph Few sentences to support the idea of the topic sentence One or two paragraph to develop the idea of the thesis statement. Conclusion The final sentence. Summarize the ideas. The final paragraph. Summarize the ideas.

21. CONTENT ParagraphShort Essay Introduction The topic sentence states the topic and the controlling idea. The introductory paragraph states the topic. The thesis statement states the controlling idea. Body paragraph The supporting sentences of the paragraph support the idea in the topic sentence. The body paragraphs support the idea in the thesis statement. Each boy paragraph has a topic sentence. Conclusion The concluding sentence summarize the idea in the topic sentence. The essay conclusion summarize the idea on the thesis statement..

22. Example: Textbook p.16

23. Rhetorical Focus An effective essay must have the following elements. Introduction: – Hook. – Background. – Thesis statement. Body paragraph: – A topic sentence followed by supporting details. Conclusion: – Summary or restatement of the thesis statement.

24. Exercise: Textbook p.18, 19

25. Editing your writing Reference: McDonald, S. & Salomone, W. (2004). The Writer’s Response: A Reading based approach to college writing, pp.307-314.

26. Sentences A complete sentence must contain at least one main clause. A main clause contains a subject and a verb, and express a complete idea. Common error of writing sentences: – Run-on sentences Fused sentences Comma splices – Sentence fragment Dependent sentences

27. Run-on Sentences The sentence runs on too long and confuse the readers. In a run-on sentence, important punctuation is missing between the clauses. Fused sentences: two or more main clauses are joined without a coordinating conjunction and without punctuation. – Tina jumped into the pool she waved at her father. Comma splice: two or more clauses are joined with a comma but without a coordinating conjunction. – Tina jumped into the pool, she waved at her father. – I saved money to take a trip, however, I had to change my plan at the last minutes.

28. Solution: – Punctuate the clauses as two separate sentences. – Use a comma and a conjunction. – Use a semicolon. – Use a semicolon and a conjunction. *Tina won the lottery she decided to buy a car. Tina won the lottery, so she decided to buy a car. Tina won the lottery; she decided to buy a car. Tina won the lottery; therefore, she decided to buy a car. When Tina won the lottery, she decided to buy a car.

29. Sentence Fragment A sentence fragment occurs when a group of words that lacks a main clause in punctuated as a sentence. Some fragment contains no clause at all. – The child in the park. Some fragments contains a verbal but still no clause. – The child playing in the park. Some fragments contains a subordinate clause (dependent clause) but no main clause. – As the child played in the park. – Because the swings in the park were wet.

30. Dependent Clauses A dependent clause is a clause that is not a complete sentence by itself. It has a subject and a verb, but it does not have a complete idea. It usually begins with a subordinate conjunction. (when, because, before, since…) It must always be attached to a main (independent) clause to make one complete sentence.

31. Exercise: textbook p.25, 26