1. Reassessing the notion of Governance and related concepts Fumihiko SAITO LORC Ryukoku University

2. LORC Ryukoku University 2006.11.30 Governance and development  Spread of governance agenda: governance was used as a “ clean cover. ” –Decentralization reforms etc.  Management of governance agenda is “ messy. ”  Aid in the arena is not a value-neutral, technocratic and quick fix. It is essentially a political process.

3. LORC Ryukoku University 2006.11.30 Governance  Governance is a notion related to “ interactions, in which public and private actors participate, aimed at solving societal problems or creating societal opportunities; attending to the institutions in the contexts for the governing institutions; and establishing a normative foundation for all those activities. ” –Kooiman, 2003, p.4

4. LORC Ryukoku University 2006.11.30 Government vs. Governance  GOVERNMENT  The only essential actor  Well resourced  Problem solver  The Welfare State: Big Government  The State-Society relations is stable.  Government in GOVERNANCE  One of various actors  Not well resourced  Facilitator  The Small State  Fluid state-society relations

5. LORC Ryukoku University 2006.11.30 Governance vs. governing  Are “ government ” and “ governance ” both a sub-category of “ governing ” ? –(Evans et al. 2005)  Conventionally, “ governance ” is understood as a process of “ governing. ”

6. LORC Ryukoku University 2006.11.30 Managing governance processes  For effective management –Shared vision to guide collaboration of stakeholders –Redefined division of responsibilities and tasks –Articulated mechanisms of coordination to facilitate collaboration/partnerships

7. LORC Ryukoku University 2006.11.30 Inherent dilemma  On the one hand, Good government is indispensable for good governance.  On the other hand, can Bureaucracy cope with the kind of flexible management?

8. LORC Ryukoku University 2006.11.30 For effective Governance (1)  Deliberative democracy –Conceptual / theoretical problem Facilitative leadership presupposes that consensus is possible Yet, facilitator shifts views during deliberation? Question of representation

9. LORC Ryukoku University 2006.11.30 For effective Governance (2)  Partnership = autonomy vs. synergy effects –Individuals or organizations come into partnerships which do not impair their autonomy. Partnerships also enable various synergy effects, including mutual learning that cannot be obtained independently.  BUT, equity and equality of actors in partnership arrangement.

10. LORC Ryukoku University 2006.11.30 Inequality among partners  Educated elite vs. illiterate mass –Mutual distrust (extreme example of South Africa) –Lack of consensus Good society for whom?  Importance of conflict-resolution: conflict in the form of violence, prejudice/distortion, and distrust  Need for mediators who support the marginalized; usually the role played by NGOs

11. LORC Ryukoku University 2006.11.30 Sustainability  Sustainable communities, are the ones which “ meet the diverse needs of existing and future residents, their children and other users, contribute to a high quality of life and provide opportunity and choice. ” Sustainability here includes efficient use of natural resources, promotion of social cohesion, and economic prosperity –(UK ODPM, 2004: 7).

12. LORC Ryukoku University 2006.11.30 Triad aspects of sustainability  Social justice  Economic prosperity  Environmental soundness

13. LORC Ryukoku University 2006.11.30 The State, governance, and sustainability  Different states in Asia and Africa –Strong state, falling state –Developmental state  State-society relations: The boundary of civil society depends on the nature of the state (dilemma of civil society).

14. Thank you very much