1. Nationalist and Independence Movements in the Colonial World 1919 – 1939

2. Effects of World War I on the Colonial World 1) Many colonized peoples expected independence in exchange for their contributions during the war 2) The war brought people from the Colonial World into closer contact with the European ideology of NATIONALISM 3) After the war, Woodrow Wilson’s idea of SELF- DETERMINATION spread to the Colonial World

3. The Middle East

4. Arab Nationalism After World War I, many Arabs expected Great Britain to live up to its promise to support creation of an Arab state Instead, following the Sykes-Picot Agreement, Britain and France took control of much of the Middle East This created widespread anger and resentment against the West, which persists in the Arab world to this day One independent Arab kingdom was created in 1932: Saudi Arabia At first, Saudi Arabia seemed to contain only valueless desert; But after oil was discovered there in 1938, the kingdom became quite wealthy

5. The Middle East

6. The Republic of Turkey As the Central Powers faced defeat at the end of World War I, the Ottoman Empire—which had been on the decline for centuries—fell apart A military leader named Mustafa Kemal led the creation of a new nation—Turkey—in the heartland of the empire Kemal was elected President of the Turkish Republic, and sought to modernize and Westernize his new nation Kemal became known as “Ataturk” (Father of the Turks)

7. The Middle East

8. The Nation of Iran In the early 1900s, the old nation of Persia had become very weak The Persian rulers depended on Britain and Russia for protection o (And when oil was discovered in 1908, the profits went to British companies) 1921—Reza Khan leads a revolt against the Persian rulers 1925—Khan establishes himself as the new king of Persia, taking the name Reza Shah Pahlavi Khan followed the example of Ataturk, modernizing Persia’s economy, military, government, and educational system 1935—To symbolize the changes in the country, Reza Shaw changed the nation’s name to Iran

9. The Chinese Civil War When the ruling dynasty collapsed in 1911, China quickly descended into chaos In the 1920s, two groups emerged that fought together against the imperialists who still controlled much of China: o The Nationalists o The Communists 1927—Nationalist leader Chiang Kai- Shek orders the murder of thousands of Communists in the Shanghai Massacre The Communists—led by Mao Zedong—went into hiding and used guerilla tactics to continue their fight against Chiang’s government By the 1930s though, the two groups had a new threat to contend with—the aggression of the Japanese

11. African Nationalism and Pan- Africanism Many African leaders in the immediate aftermath of WW1 initially sought REFORM of imperialist policies, and a voice in their own government The more Europeans refused to make reforms, the more Africans moved towards fighting for independence Some independence movements became violent— particularly in Kenya and Libya—and these movements were brutally suppressed People of African descent in the U.S. also argued for African independence, and emphasized the shared struggle of all people of African descent; This movement became known as PAN-AFRICANISM. Two of the most prominent leaders were: o W.E.B. DuBois o Marcus Garvey Jomo Kenyatta, an Kenyan independence leader, was also a Pan-Africanist, and argued that imperialism was destroying the Africans’ uniquely independent way of life

12. The Indian Independence Movement After World War I the Indian National Congress (INC) began to push for full independence for India, rather than merely representation for Indians in their own government 1914—Mohandas Gandhi returns to India from South Africa and takes up leadership of the independence movement 1919—Thousands of unarmed protesters are killed by British troops in the Amritsar Massacre; This pushes many Indians towards the cause of full independence Gandhi preached NON-VIOLENCE and CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE as the proper methods for defeating oppression and injustice 1930—Gandhi leads thousands of followers on the 200-mile SALT MARCH, to protest the British Salt Acts; Gandhi and other leaders are arrested for this act of Civil Disobedience, but during his five years in prison he only gained more followers

13. Nationalism in Latin America During the early 1900s, United States companies increased their investments in (and thus, ownership of) the resources and industries of Latin American nations In many Central American and Caribbean nations, the entire economy was dependent on American corporations This led to widespread anger towards the United States among Latin American peoples; However, before World War II that anger did not yet translate into anti-American actions in many places

14. What was the outcome of the various Nationalist and Independence movements in the Colonial world during the “Inter- War Years”?