1. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. India Seeks Independence

2. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Objectives Explain what motivated the Indian independence movement after World War I. Analyze how Mohandas Gandhi influenced the independence movement. Describe the impact of the Salt March on the course of the Indian independence movement.

3. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People Amritsar massacre – an incident in 1919 in which British troops fired on an unarmed crowd of Indians ahimsa – an ancient Hindu doctrine of nonviolence and reverence for all life civil disobedience – the refusal to obey unjust laws untouchables – members of the lowest caste in India boycott – a refusal to buy goods

4. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Gandhi was inspired by Hindu traditions as well as American ideas about civil disobedience. He led the Congress party through a series of nonviolent actions against British rule. Worldwide negative reaction to the harsh British reprisals against Indians forced the British to give Indians concessions. However, Britain refused to grant India independence. How did Gandhi and the Congress party work for independence in India?

5. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. After the war, the British proposed only a few small reforms, angering Indian nationalists. More than a million Indians fought for the Allies in World War I. In return, the British promised greater self-government in India. Since 1885, the Indian National Congress party had pressed for self-rule within the British empire.

6. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. On April 13, 1919, a large but peaceful crowd gathered in an enclosed field in Amritsar in northern India to hear several Indian speakers. The British commander at Amritsar had banned public meetings. British soldiers fired on the crowd, killing nearly 400 people and wounding more than 1,100 others. Unhappy with British rule, some Indians protested, rioted, and attacked British residents.

7. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Instead of self-rule, the Indian National Congress now called for full independence. In the 1920s, Mohandas Gandhi united Indians across class lines in the struggle for independence. The Amritsar massacre was a turning point in Indian nationalism.

8. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Gandhi came from a middle-class Hindu family. He: Studied law in England Moved to South Africa and fought against laws that discriminated against Indians in South Africa Returned to India in 1914 and became the leader of the Indian National Congress

9. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. His campaign of civil disobedience attracted wide support, catching the attention of the British government and the world. He fought injustice with nonviolent resistance and inspired Indians of all religions and ethnic backgrounds. Gandhi urged equal rights for all men and women, as well as for the untouchables.

10. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Hindu tradition The ancient doctrine of ahimsa Western influences Equality for men and women Christian teachings about love American philosopher Henry David Thoreau’s ideas about civil disobedience Democracy Nationalism Gandhi’s ideas about nonviolent resistance came from many sources.

11. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Gandhi challenged British rule in nonviolent ways during the 1920s and 1930s. He called for an Indian boycott of British-made goods, especially cotton textiles. He worked to restart India’s traditional industries. He mobilized mass support for India’s independence by protesting the British monopoly on salt.

12. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Although natural salt was available in the sea, the British required Indians to buy only salt sold by the monopoly. In March 1930, Gandhi and 78 followers began to walk 240 miles to the sea. By the time he arrived, thousands more had joined the Salt March. After picking up a lump of salt from the surf, Gandhi was arrested and jailed. His example inspired tens of thousands to collect sea salt and engage in other nonviolent protests.

13. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Gandhi’s campaign forced the British to give some power to Indians and to meet other demands of the Indian National Congress. Tens of thousands were imprisoned, and newspapers around the world criticized the British for their brutal treatment of Indians.

14. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. When the war ended in 1945, India’s independence was at hand, but conflicts between Hindus and Muslims troubled the nation for years to come. Many Indians protested and were jailed, but millions of others did help Britain during the war. In 1939, World War II began. Britain angered Indians by postponing their independence and bringing them into the war without consulting them.

15. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Nationalist movements also transformed the Middle East after World War I. The defeated Ottoman empire was on the point of collapse. The postwar mandate system sparked wide resentment of Western influence. In Turkey and Persia, new leaders sought to create modern nations.

16. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Middle East, 1920s

17. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Nationalist Turks, led by Mustafa Kemal, overthrew the sultan, defeated Greece, formed the modern Republic of Turkey, and negotiated a new treaty. The sultan of Turkey signed the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920, which gave a great deal of Turkish land to Greece. In Asia Minor, Turks resisted Western control and fought to build a modern nation apart from other Middle Eastern nations.

18. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Kemal took the name Atatürk (“father of the Turks”) and led the Turkish republic with an iron hand. Between 1923 and his death in 1938, Atatürk was responsible for many reforms. He: Moved to modernize, Westernize, and secularize Turkey Encouraged industrial expansion Gave women the right to vote and to work outside the home

19. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Atatürk’s Reforms “Turkify” the Islamic faith Translate the Qur’an into Turkish. Secular education. Ministry of Religious Affairs abolished. Sharia courts closed  new secular courts. Western-style clothing Forbid the wearing of the fez  Western-style men’s suits. Attacked the veiling of women.

20. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Atatürk’s Reforms Language Reform: Roman alphabet replaced the Arabic script. Literacy in new alphabet required for government positions. State Socialism: State banks established to finance government-controlled businesses. Adoption of a Surname.

21. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Persia Becomes Iran After WWI, when Russia was still reeling from the Bolshevik Revolution, the British tried to take over all of Persia. A nationalist revolt was triggered.

22. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Atatürk’s reforms were successful, and nationalists in Persia (present-day Iran) followed his lead. In 1925, army officer Reza Khan overthrew the shah and rushed to modernize and Westernize Persia. He angered some Muslim religious leaders by replacing Islamic law with secular law and introducing Western ways. Khan also persuaded the British company that controlled Persia’s oil industry to hire Persians and to give Persia a larger share of the profits.

23. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Saudi Arabia Keeps Islamic Traditions In 1902, Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud began a successful campaign to unify Arabia In 1932 the new kingdom was called Saudi Arabia carried on Arab and Islamic traditions. Loyalty was based on custom, religion, and family ties brought modern technology to the country, but limited to what was religiously acceptable. No democracy was practiced.

24. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Oil Drives Development Rising demand for petroleum products brought new oil explorations to Southwest Asia. European and American companies discovered oil in Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait Geologists discovered nearly two-thirds of the world’s oil supply was in the Persian Gulf region. Western nations then began to try to dominate this region.