1. - Industrialization & Economic Development -
The Industrial Revolution
Industry Distribution
Northwestern Europe
Eastern Europe
East Asia
Eastern North America
Distribution factors
Changes since the industrial revolution
Expanding industry

2. Industrial Revolution
A series of inventions that brought new uses to known energy sources, new machines to improve efficiencies and enable other new inventions.
e.g. steam engine, iron smelting, water pump, and more.

3. Beginning of Industrial Revolution
When and where did the industrial revolution begin?
In Great Britain in the mid to late 1700s
Why Great Britain?
Flow of capital ($$$)
Mercantilism (What is it? Well, see next 2 slides…)
Resources: coal, and water power

4. What is mercantilism? (1/2)
A 1700s, European, economic theory, that says that the prosperity of a country depends on:
1. its supply of capital (available $)
2. international trade being "unchangeable“
3. one party (gvt, elite, businessmen) may/will benefit at the expense of another.
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5. What is mercantilism? (2/2)
4. increasing a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests .
5. In commerce: transactions (sales and purchases) having the objective of supplying commodities (goods and services).
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6. Diffusion to Mainland Europe
Early 1800s, innovations diffused into mainland Europe.
Location criteria: 1. proximity to coal fields
2. connection via water to a port
3. flow of capital
Later Diffusion
Late 1800s, innovations diffused to some regions
without coal.
Location criteria: 1. access to RRs
2. flow of capital

7. Where is industry distributed?
Less than 1 % of the Earth’s land is devoted to industry (25% to agriculture)
¾ of industrial production is concentrated in four regions:
Northwestern Europe
Eastern Europe
Eastern North America
East Asia

8. Home of the Industrial Revolution
Western Europe 1. The UK
Home of the Industrial Revolution
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9. Western Europe 2. Rhine-Rhur Valley and Mid-Rhine
First place industrial revolution diffused to
Proximity to large coal fields, access to iron and steel
Acess to major rivers (Rhine and Rhur)
Mid-Rhine
Center of Europe's most important consumer market

10. Western Europe 3.Northern Italy
Large number of workers willing to work cheap
Inexpensive hydroelectricity from the Alps

11. Eastern Europe’s Districts
Moscow District
access to large markets
St. Petersburg District
proximity to Baltic Sea
Volga District
large petroleum and natural gas fields close to rivers
Ural District
Minerals in the Ural mountains

12. Eastern Europe’s Districts
Kuznetsk District
coal and iron-ore
Eastern Ukraine District
coal, iron, gas, etc.
Silesia District
coal

13. North America (1/2) New England Historically populated
Abundant, cheap immigrant labor
Middle Atlantic
Largest Market (close to New York)
Main ports
Mohawk Valley (NY)
Inexpensive abundant hydroelectricity (Niagara Falls)
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14. North America (2/2) Pittsburgh-Lake Erie
Coal and Iron in the Appalachians
Steel production attracted more industry
Western Great Lakes
Automobiles
Transportation
St. Lawrence Valley
Close to Canadian Markets
Close to Niagara Falls
Close to Great Lakes
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15. East Asia Isolated from world markets Access to ports
Large labor force working for cheap
Grew based on production of cheap exports
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16. The distribution of Industry
Situation factor
Proximity to markets
Site Factors (see next slides)
Labor
Land
Capital

17. Site Factors: Land Climate Topography Recreational opportunities
Cultural facilities
Cost of living
Cost of land

18. Site Factors: Capital ($$$)
Which institutions will lend the money and where are they located?

19. How has Industry changed since the industrial revolution?
Henry Ford and the assembly line: dominant mode of mass production during the 20th century, production of consumer goods at a single site.

20. Post-Fordist More flexible set of production practices
Post-Fordist: Current mode of production
More flexible set of production practices
Production is accelerated and dispersed by multinational companies that shift production, outsourcing it around the world.

21. Time-Space Compression (1/2)
Through improvements in transportation and
communication technologies, many places in
the world are more connected than ever
before.

22. Time-Space Compression (2/2)
Just-in-time delivery
Rather than keeping a large inventory of components or products, companies keep just what they need for short-term production and new parts are shipped quickly when needed.
Global division of labor
Corporations can draw from labor around the globe for different components of production.

23. Where is industry expanding?
Southern and Western U.S.
Lack of unions
Cheap labor
Opening of western ports
From Cities to Suburbs
Cheap land
Factory layout
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24. Outsizing Contracting out of a business function – previously
performed in one area - to another geographic area
(within/outside of a country).
A business “outsource” to suppliers outside the nation,
sometimes referred to as off shoring.
Example: problems with Internet provider?
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25. 4/20/2017

26. The End
Child Labor