1. Ch.6 Locations, spacing, size and functions of urban settlements
Urbanization and urban Growth :
1. Urbanization
2. Urban size
3. Urban growth

2. The Present World Pattern of urbanization
1. Highly urbanized regions(over 65% urbanized)
Moderately urbanized lands (35% - 65%)
Less urbanized lands (below 35% urbanized)

4. Settlement Classification
1. Types of settlement
2. Classification of settlements by size
3. Classification of settlements by form
~ Isolated dwelling
~ Hamlet
~ Small Village
~ Large Village

5. ~ Town
~ City
~ Conurbation
~ Megalopolis

6. 4. Classification of settlements by function
Central place function
Transport functions
Special function

7. Urban Functions and Locational Factors
1. Commercial functions and locational factors
~ Route intersections
~ Valley confluences
~ Junction of highland and lowland
~ lowest bridging point on a river
~ Head of estuary

8. 2. Commercial ports and locational factors
Outports
Fishing ports
Ferry ports/packet stations

9. 3. Industrial functions and locational factors
Primary industry
Secondary industry
Tertiary industry

10. 4. Cultural and religious functions
Education
Religion

11. 5. Tourist functions and resorts
Coasts
Fashion
Spas
History

12. Administrative functions
Residential function
Diversified function

13. 1. Christaller’s Central Place Theory
It is a theory stating that there was a pattern to the distribution and location of settlements of different sizes, and a pattern in the way in which they provided services to the inhabitants living within their sphere of influence.

14. 2. Main aim
The main aim of central place theory is to explain the spatial organization of settlements and hinterlands, in particular their relative location and size

15. 3. Assumption Unbounded uniform plain Uniform population distribution
Central place function
Consumers minimize travel
Suppliers act as economic men
High order/low order centres co-exists
Uniform consumer income and demand

16. 4. Principles Market threshold Range of a good
5. Hierarchy of services and central place
~ the comparsion of high order centres and low order centres

17. The marketing principle (k=3 network)
The traffic principle ( k=4 network )
The administrative principle (k=7network)

18. 5. Application of Christaller’s model
Southern Germany
Southern and eastern Australia
South-west Wisconsin and southern England

19. 6. Criticisms of Christaller’s central place theory
Isotropic surfaces
Modern technology
Population
Non-service centre
Overlapping market areas
Multi-purpose shopping
Mobility of people

20. Influence of government and planning agencies
Statics theory
Applicability
Spacing of settlements

21. Contribution of the central place theory
Christaller’s theory though hypothetical, theoretical and unrealistic, is still valuable as it illustrates the notion that urban networks are orderly systems and not just random arrangements
The theory has stimulated work on retailing and consumer behaviour between settlements ,and within them,which is useful for town planning and economic development

22. Zipf’s Rank Size Rule 1. Introduction
Zipf’s observed the size and number of settlements in various countries. He noticed a common characteristic which has been called the rank-size rule. Having observed this order in the real world, he then sought to explain it. The rank-size rule is an empirical regularity

23. 2. Main aim
The main aim of the rank-size rule is to find regularities concerning the characteristics of settlements in various countries,and to fit a graphical description to the size distribution of cities

24. 3. The rank-size rule
The settlements within a defined area are ranked in descending order according to the size of their population
The size of a particular town can be predicted by observing its rank and the size of the largest city in the area
The town’s population is derived by dividing the largest city’s population by the town’s rank

25. Pr P1/r or pr=p1(r )-1
Where p is the population
r is the rank
p1 is the population of the first-ranked city
pr is the population of the rth ranked city

26. 4. Explanations of the rank-size rule
1. Diversification and unification
Minimizing costs and maximizing efficiency

27. 5. Present day examples fitting the rule
Modern American cities comply to a great extent with the rank-size rule
Chicago is smaller than expected, but in general the rule fits

28. 6. Present day examples not fitting the rule
In Australia, there is a large gap between the “primate” or largest city and lower ranked cities. There is a deviation from the ideal straight rank-size line.This is because in Australia, the state capitals dominate each state’s territory

29. 7. Validity of the rank-size rule
There is no reason why towns and cities should conform to this rule
There are problems involved in accurately delimiting both urban and regional boundaries when testing the rule

30. 8. Comparison between central place theory and rank-size rule
Christaller- functional classes or orders
Zipf- concerned with ranking urban centres in descending order of population size
Central Place theory is deductive while rank-size rule is generally observed phenomenon is inductive and empirical
The central place theory concerned with a regional scale while rank-size rule is applies to a national scale

31. Jefferson’s Metropolitan Primacy (Law of the Primate City)
1. Introduction
Mark Jefferson discovered that in many countries, in terms of population, the leading city is more than twice as large as the second city. In 1939, Jefferson formulated “the law of the primate city”

32. The law of the primate city
A primate city is one which far out-ranks all other cities of the country in which it is located,in terms of population, commercial activities, industrial output and political influences

33. 3.Examples of primate city
The law of the primate city is mainly applicable to agricultural based, developing countries.It will show following characteristics
small territorial extent
Relatively high population densities
Low per capita income

34. A high degree of dependence upon agricultural exports
High rates of population growth
A former colonial status

35. 4. Factors giving rise to a primate city
Spread of colonialism
Strong centralized government
Economic factors
Industrial agglomeration
Rural-urban migration
Efficiency of modern transport