1. 1 PLANT BIOLOGY www.lmpc.edu.au/.../livingthings/gymno sperm.htm ourohio.org/index.php?page=gro wing-fresh-air www.jnto.go.jp/eng/indepth/history/hj/moss.htm l http://www.bayergarden.co.uk/ images/gardendoctor/feature7. jpg

2. 2 waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm

3. 3 Mitosis is the division of a haploid (n) or diploid (2n) cell into two duplicate daughter cells. waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm

4. 4 Meiosis is a special kind of cell division in which the chromosome number is reduced in half. waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm

5. 5 What is a plant? From Latin “Planta” Sole of foot 1. Multicellular (differentiated cells) 2. Has haploid spores (n) 3. Embryo develops inside of female part of plant 4. Mostly photosynthetic (have green chlorophyll) except some parasites, like Indian Pipes and Beach Drops

6. 6 A Plant is (Cont.): 5.Except for certain aquatic plants plants have the following adaptations to reduce water loss on land: A. Waxy Cuticle covers stem and leaves – Stomata let air and water in http://www.sxc.hu/pic/m/t/tc/tcreagh/11 61450_leaf_stomata.jpg https://courseware.e- education.psu.edu/simsphere/workbook/fig ures/7.1.gif

7. 7 A Plant is (Con’t.) B. Spores and seeds dispersed by wind and animals C. Roots anchor the plant and help absorb water and nutrients

8. 8 A Plant is (Con’t.) D. Have STEMS for support and transport of materials within the plant: Vascular Plants (All but Moss which stay short and wet) have: Xylem tubes to carry water and nutrients up Phloem tubes to carry sugar down

9. 9 Actually – Fungi called Mycorrhizae cover or enter the roots of most true plants to assist the plant with absorption of water and nutrients (esp. phosphorus) ( roots similar to Lichens ) http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_9f6p5qcrm ew/SjYAQTCG9_I/AAAAAAAAAqE/ FfaT0xyXtvs/s400/myco2.JPG

10. 10 A Plant is (Con’t.) These Mycorrhizae are SO important that the may explain: why certain plants can live in certain soils only why soil must be moved with the roots why citrus trees require more water and fertilizer when treated with fungicides Why air pollution kills forests ( it kills this fungus )

11. 11 A Plant is (Con’t.) E. Growth regions at the tips of stems and roots to maxamize the use of soil, air and light http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/2153/fig3-10.jpg

12. 12 Modern classification system 3 Domains ( Bacteria (Prokaryote, Moneran with peptidoglycan cell walls), Archaea (Prokaryote, Moneran with no peptidoglycan), Eukarya (with nucleus (Eukaryote) and with cell walls absent or of cellulose or chitin. 6 Kingdoms ( Eubacteria (Domain Bacteria – typical bacteria, NO membrain organelles), Archaebacteria (Domain Archaea – live in severe conditions: hot springs, salt pools, no O 2, NO membrane organelles), Protista (all not in the other 5), Fungi (chitin cell walls, no chloroplasts), Plant (cellulose cell walls with chloroplasts), and Animal (no cell walls or chloroplasts).

13. 13 Phylum (Animals only)– Divisions for the rest!! Plant examples: Division Bryophyta and Division Tracheophyta) Class (Coniferinae and Angiospermae) Order (Most important for animals) Family (- idea for animals -aceae for plants ) Genus ( 1 word ) ( Acer = Maple ) Upper case, Underline Species ( 2 words ) 1 st (upper case & underline) = the Genus 2 nd (lower case & underline) = the specific epithet Species name example = Acer rubrum (Red Maple)

14. 14 Non-Vascular Plants Division Bryophyta The MOSSES and LIVERWORTS

15. 15 Moss Life Cycle waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm

16. 16 Find your example of a moss from outside: Locate and sketch the A.Gametophyte B. Sporophyte

17. 17 Vascular Plants Division Tracheophyta Without Seeds (Reproduce with spores)

18. 18 Xylem and Phloem tubes of a vascular plant: https://www.uwsp.edu/natres/nres743/im ages/T1/tree_layers_web2.jpg

19. 19 Fern Life Cycle waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm

20. 20 Find your example of a FERN from outside Find and sketch a A.Gametophyte B. Sporophyte ( Label the SORI (spore cases) )

21. 21 http://people.virginia.edu/~lmm6n/images/Fiddlehead.jpg Fern Fiddleheads Some species have edible fiddleheads (BUT you MUST learn which are first!!) http://www.thenourishinggourmet.com/wp- content/uploads/2009/04/ng_fiddleheads2.jp g

22. 22 Vascular Plants with Naked Seeds (Not enclosed in Fruits) Conifers, Cycads and Ginkgos

23. 23 http://www.southtexascollege.edu/nils son/4_GB_Lecture_figs_f/4_GB_22_ Plantae_Fig_f/Pine_Life_Cycle.GIF -Usually 2 years

24. 24 Now obtain a pine cone Open up the lower cone leaves and attempt to find a seed. (the pine seeds from some of our western pines have very large seeds and are sold for Food as “Pine Nuts” http://offtheurbangrid.com/wp- content/uploads/2009/04/stone- pine-cone-and-pine-nuts.jpg http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_tXy4SMLFFJg/ RtIoUm4eutI/AAAAAAAAAWM/1_QMTW Y6r74/s320/pine+nuts_2.jpg

25. 25 Class Angiospermae Angiosperms Vascular Plants with Flowers, And seeds inclosed in fruits

26. 26 http://www.life.illinois.e du/plantbio/260/Origin s/timescale.jpg Why Angiosperms took over: A. Animals helped in reproduction due to flowers and fruits B. Fruits protect seeds

27. 27 Now get out the flower you picked outside Find and sketch the following Stamen, anther, filament, Pistil,stigma, style & ovary Petals, sepals and receptacle

28. 28 The following illustration shows a typical bisexual flower: waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm

29. 29 Flowering Plant Life Cycle waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm

30. 30 Angiosperms are divided into Two large Subclasses: A. Monocots – often smaller plants B. Dicots – often larger plants

31. 31 http://dbs.umt.edu/courses/biol103/labs/Wyr ick/10b_plant_diversity_gymnosperms_angi osperms_files/image003.gif How do these 2 Subclasses differ?

32. 32 http://www.esu.edu/~milewski/intro_biol_two/ lab_4_seeds_fruits/images/Corn_Grain_ls.jp g http://www.biologycorner.com/resour ces/seed%20dicot.jpg Monocot and Dicot seed

33. 33 Now, Please obtain a corn Fruit And a Bean Seed Open each carefully as I talk you through the procedure. Sketch and label the Cotyledon(s) and Embryo in both cases.

34. 34 What do you believe to be the purpose of the Cotyledon(s) and the Endosperm?

35. 35 If you said: “Protection” and “Food” you are GOOD!!!!

36. 36 Next, let’s talk about 7 common local Plant Families And their general characteristics.

37. 37 Family Fabaceae: Legume Family Nitrogen fixation occurs in the root nodules that contain bacteria (Bradyrhizobium for soybean, Rhizobium for most other legumes Pea, alfalfa, clover, common bean, peanut, lentil and Redbud trees are examples. http://academic.reed.edu/biology/Nitrogen/Nfix1(legumes).html Fabaceae http://www.botany.wisc.edu/garden/ UW- Botanical_Garden/Fabaceae.html

38. 38 PINE FAMILY PINACEAE http://trees.stanford.edu/images/Pinaceae/jeffreyi.jpg

39. 39 Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) The Largest Plant Family On Earth Capitulum: Inflorescence Of The Sunflower Family http://s3.amazonaws.com/rea ders/2008/09/22/1_6.jpg waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm

40. 40 http://lh3.ggpht.com/_HyG4qYcYV 1Y/SSkzo9DqHoI/AAAAAAAARi8/ kmOeRqgexIo/s800/thome00478.j pg American Beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) Beach Family (Fagaceae) http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/FORESTRY/co mmontr/american.htm

41. 41 Flowers Of The Grass, Sedge & Rush Families The Poaceae, Cyperaceae and Juncaceae Typical Flower Of The Rush Family (Juncaceae) http://librarywork.taiwanschooln et.org/gsh2009/gsh5845/index0 6.htm waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm

42. 42 Rose Family: Rosaceae

43. 43 Heath Family (Ericaceae) Huckleberry, Blueberry, Cranberry, Bearberry, Azalea, Rhododendron etc. waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm http://www.luontoportti.com/su omi/en/kukkakasvit/alpine- bearberry