1. Physical Growth & Development
1 – 3 Year olds

2. Review: Identify the five areas of development
Identify the characteristics of development
Identify the influences on development

3. An ancient Chinese Proverb
“Give a man a fish and he will not go hungry for a day. Teach a man to fish and he will not go hungry for life.”
How does this idea relate to caring for a child’s self-care??
What factors might interfere with a caregiver’s desire to teach self-care?
How can caregivers prevent those factors from getting in the way??

4. Toddlers!! What do you know?? Age Explain their physical development
Average growth rate
What do they look like
What can they do
When should they see a dentist
Go to the doctor
Be potty trained

5. Today’s Agenda Complete the worksheet from yesterday
When you are finished, I have another from you!!

6. Infants to Toddlers
Physcial growth slows considerably after the first year
Physical skills improve!!
Term toddlers refers to children who make uncertain movement
Around 1, unsteady steps (1-2 years)

7. Read Active Play for Growth & Development
Page 349
Answer questions 1 & 2 with your table
What are some other games that you can play with children aged 1-3???
Why mustn’t toddlers’ activities be too diffiucult for their phyical /mental abilities?

8. Height & Weight Both Slow down in this period
Gain about ½ lb per month
Height also slows by about half
Heredity & environmental influences more noticeable
After 1st b-day, children show greater variation in size
Tall 2 yr old = tall adult

9. Quiz What is the age range of toddlers?
How did toddlers get their name?
How much weight does a toddler gain per month?
How does height development change during the toddler years from infancy?
How many teeth should a one year old have?
What is the name of the service that birth – three year olds have available to them if they have a delay or disability?

10. Proportion & Posture B/c of changes in proportion, posture improves!!!
Until age 2, a child’s head, chest & abdomen all mesure about the same
All three grow at the same rate
Between ages 2-3 – chest becomes larger than the head & abdomen
Arms, legs & trunk - longer
Help improve child’s balance & motor skills

11. Proportion & Posture 2 years 3 years
stands straighter, but posture is not completely erect
Abdomen still protrudes (sticks out), head – somewhat forward
Elbows & knees – slightly bent
3 years
Posture more upright
Spine has strengthened – back straighter
Lost some (not all) baby fat)

12. Teeth Emerge at different rates:
1 year old – 8 teeth
2 years old – 16
By 3, that last four back teeth emerge
20 primary teeth
Several factors that influence the health of a child’s teeth:
Diet
Heredity
Dental care

13. Teeth Diet Heredity Greatly influences the quailty of a child’s teeth
Are formed before birth
Mother’s diet during pregnancy – affects quality of baby teeth
Child’s diet is important in the first 2 years – adult teeth are forming under primary teeth
Dairy products (calcuim & phosphorus)
Milk (Vitamin D)
Water – flouride
Poor Diet – Tooth decay
Heredity
Dentists have identified a protective mechanism that discourages decay – some children will inherit from parents!

14. Caring for the Teeth
Teach them to brush right after eating – the longer food remains in the mouth the more it can damage teeth
Encouragement – small, soft toothbrush & a bit of toothpaste
Attempts – not very successful, but the opportunity = IMPORTANT
Even at age 3, kids will still need adult help

15. Caring for the Teeth Many dentists recommend:
Show kids how to floss teeth
Start with top teeth one night and the bottom teeth the next night
18 months – good age for children to have first dental checkup

16. In groups of 3
You are to plan a lesson for children aged 3 called “Taking Care of Your Teeth”
Class should teach children the order of primary teeth appear, factors that keep teeth healthy, & factors that contribute to tooth decay.
You can prepare diagrams & visual aid,
Demonstrations
Create a rhyming jingle to help rememberance
Info on the web and page 351

17. Quiz How does diet play a part in how healthy your teeth are?
When do baby teeth buds start to form?
How much weight does a toddler gain a month?
What are the three patterns of development?

18. Questions??? What do you think are developmentally appropriate tasks?
What is hygiene?? And why is it important to teach kids good hygiene??

19. Motor Skills Remember 3 patterns Large motor skills Small motor skills
Head to foot
Near to far
Simple to complex
Large motor skills
Involve use and control of the large muscles of the back, legs, shoulders & arms
Small motor skills
Depend on the use & control of the muscles of the wrists, fingers, & ankles

20. Complete…..
Questions # 1-7

21. Motor Skills
Children do not acquire them as predictable during infancy
Variations caused by differences in physical size, health & diet, interests, temperament, opportunities for physical play & many other factors
Developmentally appropriate – tasks are suitable for the child given his/her age & interests

22. Large Motor Skills Physical exercise & repeated practice
Improvement – slow buy steady
Walking – 1st b-day, pride

23. Small Motor Skills
Between 1st & 2nd b-day, learn to feed themselves & drink from a cup fairly well
Poor hand-eye coordination causes spills at the beginning
1 yr olds – playing w/blocks, pyramid of different size rings, musical rolling toys= helps small motor skills
2 yr olds – improves dexterity – skillful use of the hands & fingers
Turn pages of a book one at a time, peel banana, enjoy using crayons, build towers
3yr olds – show more skill, delight in taking things apart & putting them back together

24. Quiz/Bell Work Summarize a toddler’s growth and development thus far.
Height
Weight
Teeth
Walking

25. Choosing Foods For Children
Need a variety of nutritious food daily
Plan meals using MyPlate (MyPyramid)
Pediatricians recommend that milk or milk products not be given to a child until bday 1
Ages 1-2= whole milk
After 2, reduced-fat (lowmilk)
Be CAUTIOUS in serving convenience food to children
High in salt & preservatives
Chose fresh foods – use nutitrion labels & ingredients list = nutritional choices

26. With a partner Discuss some of your childhood
fears!!
How did you overcome your fears??

27. Healthy Eating 1-3 Color – variety of color: interest
To promote interest in nutritious foods – make them appealing
Color – variety of color: interest
Texture – different senations: crunchy, chewy & juicy
Shape – adds appeal: help the child identify shapes, cookie cutters (nice)
Temperature – hot & cold foods – safety is concern – be careful – always check
Ease of eating – ground beef easier to chew than a pork chop, loves spaghetti – cut into short pieces

28. Quiz
1. Identify the five areas that you need to remember when preparing meals for toddlers? 2. How many pounds per month does a toddler gain? 3. When should a toddler go to a dentist? 4. How many teeth does the average 1 year old have? 5. How many primary teeth do you have or did you have?

29. Menu for a toddler You are to create a menu for a toddler
Be sure to include all three meals and a snack
How are you going to make each appealing??
Make it healthy!!!

30. Mealtime Tips Meals = important events in the child’s day
Practice skills, learn independence, explore textures, colors & talk to others

31. Mealtime Guidelines
Include children in meal preparation whenever possible
Follow a regular schedule for meals/snacks
Keep meals pleasant (model manners)
Use a sturdy, unbreakable dish or plate w/sides when serve the child’s food
Choose a cup that the child can hold easily & that doesn’t readily tip
Provide child-sized eating utensils
Let a toddler sit in a high chair for meals
Set good examples in food choices

32. Self-Feeding Toddlers will want to feed themselves
Natural part of independence
Depends on a child’s fine motors skills (it will also help redefine them)
Sippy cups
Finger food (sliced bananas)

33. Mealtime Guidelines
Avoid using food as a punishment or a bribe. If you say, “You can’t have a cookie until you finish your vegetables,” you give the impression that vegetables are bad and cookies are good.

34. 11-24-14 What are three tips for mealtime?
Describe how toddlers walk at the beginning.
How many teeth do they have by age 1, on average?
Compare and contrast large and small motor skills.
Describe a toddler’s appearance. (how does it differ than an infant’s)

35. Bathing
Help young children develop good attitudes about hygiene (personal cleanliness) and hygiene skills
Toilet training – wash hands after each time they use the bathroom
Daily baths – nice habit, good hygiene skills & at this age most love water!
1 yr olds – they want to wash themselves
2yr olds – most can wash, rinse & dry pretty well
3 yr olds – can bathe with supervision

36. Bathing Bathtubs are still dangerous for children
A child can drown in as little as 1” of water
NEVER leave a child alone in the bath
Cover the tub to prevent slipping
No set age at which children can safely shower
Depends on child’s ability to control water temp, stand in shower safely & get him/herself clean

37. Dressing
Caregivers should encourage self-dressing when a child shows interest
Involves a number of large & small motor skills that must be learned one step at a time
Patience = IMPORTANT
Child learns these skills through practice
Usually starts around months

38. Dressing 13 months - Holds an arm out for a sleeve.
Next, may learn to actually push his/her own arm through sleeve
By 2, pull up pants, but shirts still continue to be difficult
Garments – inside out, backwards
By 3 – pretty much can dress independently, except help w/fasteners & shoelaces
Provides – self-esteem, independence, responsibility
Provide clothes that are easy to put on & take out

39. Bell Work:
What can you remember about Toddlers

40. Choosing Clothing Comfort – allow freedom of movement
Size – IMPORTANT: too small – restrict movements
Sizes do not always fit the same, if possible let child try on
Durability – withstand hard wear & repeated washing
Quality of fabric & construction of clothing – look for close, even stitching w/strong thread
Fasteners should be firmly attached
Cotton – good choice – shirts & underwear
Synthetic fibers – made from chemical rather than natural sources
Economy – choose clothes that allow for growth
Let kids help

41. Quiz
Identify the three factors that you should consider when purchasing clothes for a toddler.
What are the five things that you should remember when preparing a meal for a toddler?
Identify the age range of a toddler.
Compare and contrast large and small motor skills.
Describe a toddler’s appearance. (how does it differ than an infant’s)

42. Quiz 12-5-14 1. What are night terrors?? 2. What are nightmares?
3. What causes nightmares?
4. How should you handle nightmares?
5. When should a toddler start to self-feed?
6. What are bedtime routines soo important?
7. What usually happens when there is a break in a bedtime routine?
8. What is the average weight gain per month for a toddler?
9. What are the three patterns of development?

43. Sleeping
Many 1 year olds continue sleeping eight or more hours a night
Several naps through the day
As they get older
Naps – shorter
Length of sleep at night = increases
Afternoon naps continue for several years
2 & 3 year olds = sleep about 10 – 14 hours/day

44. Sleeping
Children feel comfortable when lives are predictable = ROUNTINES
Broken – difficult to go to sleep
Sleep Disturbances
Sometimes the quality and quantity of sleep is upset
Child – tired & irritable the next day

45. Sleep Disturbances Not unusual for toddlers to wake at night
Some fall back to sleep, others cry
Best response – depends on the problem
Nightmares (cause by stress or major changes in a child’s life)
Experts – respond right away with words of comfort to the child
Reduce anxiety (talk about the change)
Avoid exposure to frightening images

46. Night terrors (occurs during the first few hours of sleep)
Child not fully awake – will sit up and scream
Upset – but cannot explain why
Not cause for alarm
Children need reassurance
Usually does not remember the incident in the morning

47. Sleeping Near 2nd b-day – sleeping habits change
Less sleep, may not go to sleep as easily or willingly
2 yr no longer takes a morning nap
3yr old may give up their afternoon nap as well
May change b/c they may seem more dependent on adults than in previous year
Often use self comforting techniques: thumb sucking, rocking the crib, cuddling a favorite blanket or toy

48. Sleeping
3 yr old – not unusual to wake in the middle of the night & even get out of bed
Emotional experiences of the day, excitement at bedtime or nighttime fears may cause insure feeling at night
2 & 3 yr olds – fear of the dark
Many causes
Fears – very real & usually very troubling
Rarely a quick solution
Discussion, night light
Patience & understanding
Ridicule or shaming only makes a problem worse

49. Toilet Training Most begin sometime at 18 months No set age
Each child should start when he/she is physically mature & emotionally ready

50. Readiness (Toilet Training)
Sphincter muscles – the muscles that control elimination
Child must recognize the body sustentations that lead elimination
Only then is he/she ready
Emotionally ready – settled in a family daily routine
During move or any similar event that requires adjustment – not a good time

51. Giving Help Attitudes – very important
Calm encouragement better (more effective) than rules & punishment
Build self-esteem
Ready – want to succeed
Child resists – wait for readiness
Even after trained – some accidents should be expected

52. Giving Help
Child – may prefer to use special seat or a separate potty chair
More independence
Frightened by the flushing toilet - better to wait till child leaves room – but still teach that they need to flush toilet
Bowel training before bladder training
When you see the awareness on a child’s face – suggest sitting on the toilet seat or potty chair
Be available & encouraging – not forceful & demanding

53. Giving Help Bladder follows several months later
Some may learn at the same time
Many are encouraged when given training pants – heavy absorbent underpants, in place of diapers
Makes it possible to use the potty independently
Sign of maturity

54. Physical Health & Wellness

55. Assignment Complete questions #1-9 on page 374 (shorter books)
Complete questions #1-10 on page 346 (taller books)
Complete study guide – you may use on the test tomorrow!!
Test – tomorrow!!!