2.  DePaulo & Bell (1996) Married couples lied in 1 out of 10 interactions with their partners.  Robinson, Shepherd, & Heywood (1998): 83% of respondents said they would lie in order to get a job.  College students lie in 50% of their phone conversations with their mothers (De Paulo & Kash, 1988)  85% of patients conceal information, and 1/3 outright lie to their doctor (Burgoon, Callister, & Hunsaker, 1994)

3.  The ability to hide or mask one’s true feelings and opinions is an essential part of communication (Andersen, 2008)  People who are better communicators in general are also better at lying (Camden, Motley, & Wilson, 1984)

4.  Simulation: feigning an emotion one doesn’t really feel  Intensification: exaggerating the intensity of a feeling  Inhibition: showing no feeling  Miniaturization: showing less emotion than one feels  Masking: hiding one emotion by expressing another emotion

5.  People are generally poor at deception detection.  Studies show the average person is accurate roughly 54% of the time.  People think they are better at spotting deception than they actually are.

6.  Individual differences  Truth bias versus lie bias  Prepared versus spontaneous lies  Low stakes versus high stakes lies  False stereotypes

7.  False correlates of deception  Gaze avoidance  Response latency  Postural shifting  NLP  There is no infallible means of detecting deception  No single nonverbal cue, or combination of cues, is reliable

8.  Pupil dilation  Shoulder shrugs  Adaptors  touching one’s nose, mouth, face  Speech errors  dysfluencies  repetitions  Overcompensation  over control of movement, gesture  Non-immediacy  More distance  Fewer “I” statements  negative statements