2. LIAR BEHAVIOR: VERBAL AND NONVERBAL PERSPECTIVES

4. HOW IS LYING BEHAVIOR STUDIED? FAKED LYING –COUNTERATTITUDINAL LIES –COUNTERFACTUAL LIES “REAL” LYING –CHEATING & STEALING FORMATS –MOST LIES ARE NOT “MAJOR” & GENERALLY PEOPLE ARE NOT AFRAID OF BEING CAUGHT

5. DIFFICULTIES IN IDENTIFYING LIAR BEHAVIOR NO SINGLE BEHAVIOR HAS BEEN FOUND TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH LYING AND NOTHING ELSE DIFFERENT TYPES OF LIES (PREPARED OR NOT; LONG OR SHORT; ETC.) AND DIFFERENT MOTIVES (PROTECTING SELF; AVOIDING CONFLICT; WHITE LIES; ETC.) ARE LIKELY TO SHOW DIFFERENT BEHAVIORS

6. NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR INITIALLY, NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR THOUGHT TO BE THE KEY TO IDENTIFYING LIAR BEHAVIOR BECAUSE IT WAS THOUGHT TO BE OUT OF OUR AWARENESS AND CONTROL

7. NOW WE KNOW: –FACIAL MOVEMENT IS SUBJECT TO CONSIDERABLE CONTROL, BUT MICRO EXPRESSIONS, FALSE SMILES, AND POOR TIMING MAY BE CLUES TO DECEIT –FEET/HANDS/BODY ARE LESS UNDER CONSCIOUS CONTROL AND MAY SHOW MORE “LEAKAGE” –LIARS MAY BE THE LEAST CONSCIOUS OF VOCAL SIGNALS –ATTEMPTED CONTROL MAY RESULT IN OVERCOMPENSATION--E.G., EYE GAZE

8. MOTIVATIONAL IMPAIRMENT PROCESS THIS IS A THEORY (SUPPORTED BY SOME RESEARCH) WHICH ARGUES THAT THE MORE IMPORTANT THE LIE TO THE LIAR, THE GREATER THE CHANCES THAT IT CAN BE DETECTED FROM NONVERBAL CUES AND THE LESS LIKELY IT CAN BE DETECTED FROM VERBAL CUES

9. THE RESULTS OF META- ANALYSES OF ACTUAL BEHAVIOR OF LIARS (COMPARED TO TRUTHTELLERS)

10. NONVERBAL LESS SMILING FAKE SMILING (NO USE OF LOWER EYELIDS) MORE SPEECH ERRORS MORE HESITATIONS DURING SPEECH LONGER LATENCY OF RESPONSE HIGHER PITCH

11. OTHER NONVERBAL BEHAVIORS WHICH COMMONLY OCCUR PUPIL DILATION RAPID BLINKING NERVOUS MANNERISMS SHRUGS IDIOSYNCRATIC SIGNALS--E.G., SWALLOWING/GULPING; RED NECK; ETC.

12. VERBAL BEHAVIOR LESS CONTENT--SHORTER RESPONSE LENGTH ALLNESS TERMS--E.G., ALL, EVERY, NONE, NOBODY, ALWAYS FEWER VERIFIABLE REFERENTS MENTIONED--NONSPECIFIC INFORMATION; VAGUE; ABSTRACT SLIPS OF THE TONGUE

13. LIES EMBEDDED IN CONVERSATIONAL ACTS LIES WHICH FULFILL THE NEED FOR ACCEPTANCE/AGREEMENT LIES WHICH DENY SELF- DEPRECATIONS LIES USED TO DEFUSE ANTICIPATED REJECTIONS

14. EQUIVOCATION

15. GENERAL FACTORS USED IN JUDGING THE POSSIBILITY OF DECEPTIVE VERBAL BEHAVIOR PLAUSIBILITY CONCRETENESS CLARITY CONSISTENCY

16. COGNITIVE EMOTIONAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH LIES LIMITED TO LIES IN WHICH THE LIAR KNOWS HE/SHE IS LYING AND PERCEIVES IMPORTANT CONSEQUENCES OF THE ACT AND IS NOT A PATHOLOGICAL LIAR

17. THE TWO MOST STUDIED –AROUSAL –COGNITIVE DIFFICULTY TWO OTHER PROCESSES WHICH LIARS MAY EXPERIENCE –ATTEMPTED CONTROL –AFFECTIVE STATES ANXIETY ANGER HAPPINESS (DURING DUPING DELIGHT) GUILT