1. Unit 3 Lesson 2 Ancient Rome 1

2. Geography -Located on the Italian peninsula, in the center of the Mediterranean Sea -The Alps are in the North -The Apennine Mts. are on the eastern coast -broad, fertile plains in the north and west 2

3. Geography 3

4. Rome Geography Rome is located: -On the banks of the Tiber River -On and around seven hills 4 Why would this geographic location be an advantage?

5. Early Civilization -Italy was originally occupied by many different groups of people -Two main groups were Greek colonists and the Etruscans -The Etruscans ruled much of central Italy and Rome itself -Ancestors of the Romans, the Latins, settled in the area that is now Rome around 800 B.C. 5

6. Legend of the Founding of Rome 753 B.C. – Rome founded (according to legend) by Romulus and Remus, twin sons who were raised by a wolf. -According to the tale, the twins’ mother was a Latin woman and their father was the war god Mars 6

7. Politics -Romans drove out their Etruscan ruler, Tarquin the Proud and swore to never have a king again. 509 B.C. – Rome became a Republic. 7

8. Laws 451 B.C. – Twelve Tables -Code of Laws; used the Ten Commandments as a basis -All citizens were equal before the law 8

9. Structure of the Republic -Patricians= landholding upper class -Plebeians= farmers, merchants, artisans, traders PatriciansPlebeians 9

10. Structure of the Republic -Senate= governing body; citizens elect leaders to vote -Consuls= two patricians -Dictator= assigned to be in charge in the event of a war -Voting rights were only extended to free-born males 10

11. Structure of the Republic -Plebeians have no say in the government - Eventually get to elect their own officials called tribunes in 494 B.C. - For 84 years, (421-337 B.C.) plebeians fought to have a role in each part of the government 11

12. Social Structures -Roman women were nearly social equals of men -Ran the household -Given authority and respect -Had personal freedom -Owned property -Could testify in court 12

13. Religion -Romans were polytheistic-they believed in many gods and goddesses -Many of the gods were adapted from the Greek gods Greek GodRoman God Zeus-ruler of all godsJupiter-ruler of all gods Hera-wife of Zeus, protected marriage Juno-wife of Jupiter, protected marriage Poseidon-god of the seaNeptune-god of the sea -Roman calendar is full of feasts and celebrations to honor the gods and goddesses -Temples for worship to ask for divine assistance 13

14. Art, Architecture, and Literature -Borrowed many cultural influenced from the Classical Greeks – Greco-Roman culture developed -Frescoes were painted on walls -Literature followed Greek forms and models but addressed Roman themes 14

15. Art, Architecture, and Literature 15

16. Art, Architecture, and Literature -Built spectacular works such as the Coliseum -Elaborate arches, domes, concrete 16

17. Art, Architecture, and Literature -Aqueducts were used to transport water to urban areas 17

18. Politics -Rome grows strong and begins conquering the rest of Italy -By 270 B.C., Rome controls most of the Italian peninsula -Military is made up of citizens -Rome conquered justly- allowing those conquered to keep their culture, customs, and government- as long as they supplied soldiers, paid taxes, and acknowledge Roman leadership 18

19. The Punic Wars -Series of wars fought between Rome and Carthage (N. Africa) -Rome fought Carthage in three wars from 264 B.C. to 146 B.C. (118 years) 19

20. The Punic Wars 20

21. The Punic Wars 264 B.C. – 1 st Punic War Begins. Rome won control of Sicily. 21

22. The Punic Wars 218 B.C. – 2 nd Punic War Begins. Hannibal invaded northern Italy. 22

23. The Punic Wars 23

24. The Punic Wars 202 B.C. - Hannibal was defeated at Zama by Scipio 24

25. The Punic Wars 146 B.C. - 3 rd Punic War Begins. Rome destroyed Carthage and made Carthaginians their slaves. 25

26. Republic to Empire -They had worked to help the poor, but the Senate had them killed. -Their murders resulted in civil wars. 133 & 121 B.C. - The Gracchus Brothers were murdered 26

27. Republic to Empire -Civil wars break out to decide who should hold power. The senate wanted to keep the status quo; political leaders wanted to weaken the senate and enact reforms -Slave uprisings throughout the republic -Armies became loyal to their commanders because they gave them benefits such as captured land 27

28. Turmoil in Rome 88 B.C. – Sulla marched on Rome and became Dictator 28

29. Turmoil in Rome 58-54 B.C. - Caesar conquered Gaul and Britain. 29 60 B.C. – Triumvirate formed between Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey (3 generals) -Cicero worked during this time to recreate the values of the Republic 49 B.C. - Caesar invaded Rome and defeated Pompey. 47 B.C. - Caesar invaded Egypt and appointed Cleopatra queen.

30. Turmoil in Rome 44 B.C. – named Dictator for life, later assassinated by Senate. Marc Antony got control of Rome 30 46 B.C. – appointed Dictator by the Senate.

31. Turmoil in Rome 31 B.C. – Battle of Actium, Octavian defeats Marc Antony and Cleopatra. 31 43 B.C. – Second Triumvirate formed between Marc Antony, Octavian (Caesar’s nephew), and Marcus Lepidus.

32. Roman Empire Beginning of the Roman Empire -Conquered territory -Single sovereign authority -Controlled militarily 32 27 B.C. – Octavian declared “Augustus Caesar” Pax Romana began – brought peace, built public buildings, created a lasting government, and set up civil service, allowed Christianity to spread

33. Roman Empire 33 27 B.C. to A.D. 68 – Julian-Claudian Dynasty – Augustus Caesar, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero

34. Roman Empire 34 5/4 B.C. – Birth of Christ in Judea. AD. 28 – John the Baptist executed. AD. 30 – Jesus crucified - Roman leaders feared he would incite people with claims he was the Messiah. -Peter and Paul continued to spread Christianity.

35. Roman Empire 35 A.D. 64 – Fire destroys Rome; Nero orders persecution of Christians.

36. Roman Empire 36 A.D. 122 – Construction of Hadrian’s Wall begins.

37. Roman Empire 37

38. Roman Empire 38 c. A.D. 250 – Decline of Rome -Bread & Circuses – rulers attempted to keep the people happy by providing food and entertainment (gladiators)

39. Roman Empire 39 Causes -Disruption of Trade -Inflation, higher taxes -Food shortages due to overworked soil and civil wars. -Invading Barbarians -Lack of trustworthy generals -Empire had expanded too rapidly

40. Roman Empire 40 A.D. 285 – Emperor Diocletian was unable to defend the Empire from Germanic invaders. -Divided Empire in half. -Diocletian ruled the East. -Co-emperor Maximian ruled the West -Diocletian tried to fix the economy and declared himself a son of a Roman god.

41. Roman Empire 41

42. Roman Empire 42 A.D. 313 – Roman Emperor Constantine said Christians would not be persecuted; later made Christianity the official religion AD. 324 – Constantine became Emperor of both halves of Empire. Constantine moved the capital to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople AD. 407 – Rome leaves Britain.

43. Roman Empire 43 A.D. 410 – Visigoths under Alaric sack Rome AD. 444 – Huns unite under Attila and terrorize all of the Roman Empire.

44. Roman Empire 44

45. Roman Empire 45 AD. 476 – Germanic people control much of Europe. Removed last western Roman Emperor from the throne. -The Byzantine Empire in the east continued

46. Roman Empire 46 A.D. 529 – Justinian Code -Byzantine law code -Foundation for western legal tradition