1. PLATO

2. PLATO’S LIFE Born in 428 B.C in Athens. Belonged to an aristocratic family. He had fine prospects in the public life and had political aspirations..

3. PELOPONESSIAN WAR At the end of “Peloponnesian War” two groups gained power in Athens.400 and 30. Plato had mixed feelings about the take over as the two groups i-e 400 and 30 had tyrannical leanings and were causing instability.

4. SOCRATES’S DEATH Plato supported Democracy but the system proved to be less than perfect in 399 B.C.Socrates Plato’s mentor stood before a jury of 600 Athenians. The charges against him were of not recognizing the gods of the city. Also the charges included inventing of new deities. And corrupting the youth of Athens.

5. PLATO’S ACADEMY After Socrates‘s death Plato formed an Academy in 387 B.C where students were trained in metaphysics,epistemology,ethics,politics and natural and mathematical sciences. This Academy continued for 912 years.

6. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND FOR “REPUBLIC” Philosophers initially focused on the questions of natural sciences. Poets and not philosophers addressed the in use of ethics and politics.

7. 5 TH CENTURY B.C The war between Athens and Sparta resulted & Athens was defeated which resulted in a major shift. It thrusted issues of ethics into the hands of philosophers. The growth of democracy called for a new civic virtue “The ability to speak persuasively” which became more important than war craft.

8. SOPHISTS Due to the above mentioned reason “sophist” came into existence. They were teachers of rhetorics who were willing to teach if the student was walling and able to pay the fee.

9. SOPHIST’S AGENDA Persuasiveness over truth. Their ideas varied. Questioned the traditional moral values. There was no right/wrong but how an action served the interest of the agent. It did not believe in objective knowledge/objective truth.

10. SOPHIST’S BELIFES Conventional morality is unjust because it deprives the strong of their right and exploit the poor. They called immorality a virtue because it helped one advancing in a competition.

11. SOCRATES V/S SOPHISTS Socrates wanted to combat this moral complacency of his fellow Athenians. He was concerned to see them live their lives in a selfish and unreflective haze. He was concerned to see them focused on gaining and increasing their powers using the theories of sophists to justify their actions

12. SOCRATES V/S SOPHISTS Socrates acted like a “dagfly” Stinging his fellow citizens into daily examination. The unreflected life he said was not worth living. Plato took over his mission when Socrates died. Plato wanted to further extend the noble work and question Sophist’s belief of no such thing as objective truth and knowledge.

13. PLATO’S PHILOSOPHY 1) Early 2) Middle 3) Late

14. EARLY PERIOD OF PHILOSOPHY This period was soon after Socrates’ death so is closest to philosophy. Focuses on ethical questions He used the method of “elenchus” Sometimes these dialogues ended in the state of “aporia”. This wa not a futile exercise as philosophical dialectical is essential to human well being making them more virtuous and happy. Plato did not accept everything taught by Socrates.He explores the views critically laying them out but not endorsing them.

15. MIDDLE PERIOD OF PHILOSOPHY Developed personal views. Dialogues in the form of a conversation between student and teacher. Here they were able to reach a conclusion. Focused on theory of forms epistemology,Metaphysics. Explored questions about (1) How to live? (2) What is soul? (3) Nature. (4) The role of love. (5) The nature of physical world.

16. LATE PERIOD OF PHILOSOPHY Extremely controversial and difficult topics. Difficult to decide what themes and treds define this method.

17. APORIA State of helplessness. An instability to proceed.

18. APPETITE Largest aspect of our soul. It contains - necessary desires (indulged). - unnecessary desires (limited). - unlawful desires (suppressed). Appetite is money loving. It should be strictly controlled by reason and reason’s henchman spirit.

19. AUXILLARY Plato’s society is divided into three classes: - Producers. - Auxiliaries. - Guardians.

20. BELIEF Second lowest grade of cognitive activity. The object of belief is physical realm rather than the intelligible realm.

21. ELENCHUS Socrates’ method of questioning. Showing his interlocutors that the beliefs are contradictatory. And that they don’t have knowledge about something which they thought they had knowledge of.

22. EMPIRICAL An empirical question can only be settled by going out in the world and investigating. You have to investigate evidence in the world.

23. EPISTEMOLOGY Branch of philosophy concerned with : - Knowledge. - Belief. -Thought. Questions it deals with are : -Can we know anything? -How do we form out beliefs? -What is knowledge?

24. FORM The reality beyond reality which comprises of absolute entities which are called forms like - Beauty -Redness -Sourness Only forms can be object of knowledge. Forms are the only things we can know about.

25. FORM OF “ THE GOOD ” Most important. Our capacity to know Source of intelligibility. Responsible for bringing all other forms into existence.

26. GUARDIAN The guardians are responsible for ruling the city. They are chosen from among auxillaries. Also known as philosopher-kings.

27. IMAGINATION Lowest form of cognitive activity. Someone in a state of imagination would form his ideas from products of art like poets in Plato’s times.

28. INSTRUMENTAL REASON Reason used to achieve and end by engaging in mean and analysis,

29. INTELLIGIBLE REALM All existence can be divided into two parts visible and intelligible realm. The intelligible realm cannot be sensed but grasped with intellect.

30. KNOWLEDGE Pertain to original unchanging universal truths.

31. LOVERS OF SIGHTS AND SOUNDS Pseudo intellectuals. Appreciate things of beauty but do not realize “the form of beauty”. They have no knowledge just opinions.

32. METAPHYSICS The branch of philosophy concerned with asking what there is in the world?

33. PLEONEXIA A desire to have more. A yearning for more power money.

34. REASON Part of our soul that lusts after truth. Source of all our philosophical desire.

35. SENSIBLE PARTICULARS Things that we can sense. Things that undergo change over a period of time.