1. Do Now: Take a legal size sheet of paper and take your seat.
For the next minutes, recreate as best as you can from memory a map of the world.
As much as you can, your map should include:
all continents, major bodies of water
5 physical features (mountains, rivers, deserts)
5 political features (borders, cities, countries)
5 economic features (trade goods, natural resources)
5 arrows to show movement of people

2. Discussion
Which country did you draw first? Is it disproportionately large?
Continents - Where does Europe and Asia begin and end?
Should it be Eurasia?
Where is Turkey? Asia or Europe? Does it matter? Should Turkey be allowed to join the EU?
Where is Mexico - Economically it is North America - Culturally it is South America
What features did you include?

3. Objective
We will apply spatial thinking by creating mental maps of the world
We will be able to identify the various forms of map and map projections
We will apply this knowledge to create a cognitive map of our neighborhood (hw)

4. AP Exam Relevance
1st Goal of the AP Exam in HUG is to test students’ ability to “use and think about maps and spatial data.”

5. “A Map is the Greatest of All Epic Poems
“A Map is the Greatest of All Epic Poems. Its lines and colors show the realization of Great Dreams.” --Gilbert H. Grosvenor National Geographic Editor ( )

6. Huh? What’s This?
How is this
an example of
spatial thinking?

7. Why Maps?
Maps—graphic representations of all or part of the Earth's surface drawn to scale—are the most important tool of geographers. Maps and geography are practically synonymous, and mapmaking (cartography) is as old as geography itself. The spatial perspective is geography's unifying bond and there is no better way to demonstrate insights gained through spatial analysis than through the use of maps. Maps are our "window on the world."
Maps are used to portray the distinctive character of places; their relationship to environmental issues; the movements of people, goods, and ideas; and regions of various types. Maps are used to wage war, make political propaganda, solve medical problems, locate shopping centers, bring relief to refugees, warn of natural hazards—in short, for countless purposes.

8. Perceptions Based on Maps
All Maps attempt to show a three dimensional object as a two-dimensional one
Therefore, all maps distort the Earth in some fashion; none are a perfect replica of the globe itself

9. Activity Take an ordinary piece of notebook paper
Try to manipulate it to form a sphere
None of the paper should overlap or fold too much so as to hide any of the papers surface

10. Activity Discussion Were you successful? Why or why not?
How might this apply to the concept of maps of the world?

11. Can you tell the Difference?
What are these?

12. Map Projections
When you attempt to portray the spherical globe in 2-Dimensions on one sheet of paper
What are some of the challenges when trying to do so? Think about the paper activity....

13. Map Projections – The Ideal Has:
Conformality is the characteristic of true shape, wherein a projection preserves the shape of any small geographical area. This is accomplished by exact transformation of angles around points. One necessary condition is the perpendicular intersection of grid lines as on the globe. The property of conformality is important in maps which are used for analyzing, guiding, or recording motion, as in navigation.
Equivalence is the characteristic of equal area. Preservation of equivalence involves an inexact transformation of angles around points and thus, is mutually exclusive with conformality except along one or two selected lines. The property of equivalence is important in maps which are used for comparing density and distribution data, as in populations.
Equidistance is the characteristic of true distance measuring. The scale of distance is constant over the entire map. This property can be fulfilled on any given map from one, or at most two, points in any direction or along certain lines. Equidistance is important in maps which are used for analyzing velocity, e.g. ocean currents. Typically, reference lines such as the equator or a meridian are chosen to have equidistance and are termed standard parallels or standard meridians.
True direction is characterized by a direction line between two points which crosses reference lines, e.g. meridians, at a constant angle or azimuth. These are termed rhumb lines and this property makes it comparatively easy to chart a navigational course. However, on a spherical surface, the shortest surface distance between two points is a great circle along which azimuths constantly change. Thus, a more desirable property may be where certain great circles are represented by straight lines. This characteristic is most important in aviation. Note that all meridians are great circles, but the only parallel that is a great circle is the equator.

14. Three Types of Projections
Planar - Project the Earth onto a plane that touches—or, technically, is tangent to—the globe at a single point, and you get a planar projection. Because this projection, also known as an azimuthal projection, is most accurate at its center, it is often used for maps focusing on one of the Poles.
Conic - Cap the globe with a cone to achieve a conic projection. Cut open the cone, and the basis of a map emerges. The map will be least distorted along the line where the cone touches the sphere. Conic projections are handy for portraying the United States, which fits nicely within the resulting smile-shaped map.
Cylindrical - Swaddle the globe and project its surface onto a cylinder. Slit the cylinder and flatten it into a map. This projection is most accurate near the Equator and greatly distorted near the Poles. The most famous cylindrical map is the Mercator projection, perfect for navigation but poor for teaching geography. Peters is also cylindrical.

16. Planar Projection

17. Conic

18. Cylindrical Projection

19. Mercator

20. Mercator
cylindrical
designed for European sailors - useful for finding directions/charting sailing course
severely distorts the size of the extreme north and south countries
example: Greenland and Africa

22. Robinson

23. Robinson
Robinson projection is a compromise which attempts to preserve enough of area, shape, distance, and direction so that the earth looks right - but actually preserves none of them.

24. Winkel Tripel Projection

25. Winkel Tripel Projection
In 1998 replaced the Robinson as the official map of the National Geographic Society
It is claimed to be the best overall whole- earth map projection known, producing very small distance errors, small combinations of ellipticity and area errors, and the smallest skewness of any map.

26. Peters Projection

27. Peters Projection

28. Peters
The Peters Projection is known as the equal- area cylindric or cylindric equal-area projection
Changes also include moving the Bering Strait
Projection was largely associated with disparaging the Mercator projection as biased towards 3rd world countries, and promoted itself as a more appropriate map

29. West Wing Video clip
Upon what basis are they suggesting a different projection?
For map accuracy and for social equality...
Is this a valid argument to make? Why or why not?

31. What about it? Why not?

32. Bottom Line
All map projections have benefits and drawbacks, you (geographers) will use different projections to convey different information.

33. Latitude and Longitude
Most maps sport a grid, or graticule, of imaginary lines. Running north-south and converging at the Poles, meridians of longitude measure distance from the prime meridian (running through Greenwich, England). Parallels of latitude girdle the globe from east to west. The largest parallel, the Equator, is the belt around the planet’s waist. The grid may look like nonsensical swirls on some projections, but the coordinates remain the same.

34. Map Scales Large scale means a more detailed map
The smaller the right hand number the larger the scale of the map
1:75000 is a more detailed map then
1: which is a small scale map

37. Which is the larger scale?

38. Reference maps
General- Purpose maps with a variety of common features like cities, boundaries, mountains, or roads are known as reference maps

40. Thematic maps
A map that demonstrates a particular feature or a single variable. Four types of thematic map are
Dot maps
Choropleth maps
Proportional symbol maps
Isoline maps

41. Dot Maps – A thematic map in which a dot is used to represent some frequency of the mapped variable. A simple dot map of commercial wireless antennas in the USA.

42. U.K. Conservation sites

43. Choropleth Maps
A thematic map in which ranked classes of some variable are depicted with shading patterns or colors for predefined zones
Themes could include economic factors, population factors, political factors etc.

45. Population Density

46. Population Density pt. 2

47. Pop vs Soda vs Coke

49. Swine Flu Map Great Example of a Proportional Symbol Map

50. Isoline Maps

51. Mental Maps
Maps are not always printed. Everyone has a mental map—a map in their mind—that has developed over years of looking at wall maps, atlas maps, and maps in books, magazines, and newspapers. People’s perception of places and regions is influenced by their individual mental maps as well as printed maps. Since one's perception of different places is a combination of general information, personal experiences, and what is called "hearsay" in the legal profession, that perception is not always accurate.
They are also known as Cognitive Maps
What you drew today was a Cognitive Map of the world.

52. One Mental Map of How America Sees the World

53. Cartogram Map in which a theme is substituted for land area mass
Themes could include GDP, Population, political influence

54. Population Cartogram

55. World Gross Domestic Product

56. GDP Cartogram

57. The World At Night