2. 10 Blood: The River of Life
Lesson 10.1: The Function and Composition of the Blood Lesson 10.2: Blood Types Lesson 10.3: Blood Disorders and Diseases

3. The Function and Composition of Blood
Chapter 10: The Blood
Lesson 10.1
The Function and Composition of Blood

4. The Function and Composition of Blood
the function of blood
the formed elements
physical properties of blood
plasma

5. Blood Only Fluid Tissue Two components
Formed elements
Leukocytes (WBC) and platelets (buffy coat) equal less than 1% of blood
Erythrocytes (RBC) equal 45% of blood
Aka. Hematocrit = measure of RBC present
Plasma (fluid portion) = 55% of blood

6. The Function and Composition of Blood
manufacturing blood cells
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

9. Blood Information pH = 7.35 – 7.45 Temperature = 38oC or 100.4oF
Slightly higher than body temp.
Approx. 8% of body weight
Males have 5-6 L while females have 4-5 L although amount depends on size
Color
Oxygen rich blood is scarlet red
Oxygen poor blood is dull or rusty red
Blood is heavier & more viscous than water

10. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Symptoms:
Headache, nausea, achy – a lot like the flu
Convulsions & unconsciousness as levels increase
Even though oxygen level is low – person looks very flushed – NOT cyanotic

11. Functions of the Blood--Protects

12. Functions of the Blood -- Transports
CO2 and O2
Waste products of metabolism
Hormones
Enzymes
Nutrients
Blood Cells
Plasma proteins

13. Functions of the Blood -- Regulates
Body Temperature
Acid-Base Balance (pH)
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

15. Functions of the Blood --
White Blood Cells Protect against infection
Antibodies Detect Foreign Material
Clotting Factors Prevent Excessive Bleeding
Example:
Engulfing TB bacteria

16. The Formed Elements solid portion of blood red blood cells
carry oxygen
white blood cells
immune response
platelets
clot

17. Anucleate Only survive ~120 days Erythrocytes Few organelles
Structure:
Few organelles
Lack mitochondria
Don’t do aerobic respiration so don’t use up the oxygen that they are carrying
Anucleate
Only survive ~120 days

18. RBC proteins

19. RBC Proteins Hemoglobin 33% of cell weight Carries oxygen on
iron atoms

20. RBC Proteins
Spectrin
to maintain membrane integrity and change cell shape so cell can travel without rupturing as it squeezes through capillaries
Misc. other proteins help with facilitating gas exchange and other functions

21. Physical Properties of Blood
blood volume
4–5 liters of blood
taste
salty
color
bright red from artery
dull red from vein

22. Plasma liquid portion of blood 90% water 8% plasma proteins
2% mixture of electrolytes, nutrients, ions, respiratory gases, hormones, waste products

23. The Composition of Blood

24. Biconcave shape increases surface area to volume ratio for gas exchange

25. Numbers of RBCs Outnumber WBC 1000 to 1 Women Men
4.3 – 5.2 million RBC per mm3 of blood (about 1 small drop)
Men
5.1 – 5.8 million RBC per mm3 of blood
women typically have a lower percentage of RBC which is why they tend to have trouble with Anemia
# of blood cells compared to amount of plasma is major factor in blood viscosity
If blood is too viscous – heart must work too hard to pump it

26. Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: plasma, platelets, bright red, red blood cell.
1. liquid portion of blood
2. carry oxygen
3. clot
4. arterial blood

27. Anemia vs. Polycythemia

28. Functions of RBCs Major function is to carry oxygen
Single RBC contains ~250 million hemoglobin
molecules each
capable of carrying
4 oxygen atoms

29. Reminder: Protection of hemoglobin
Enclosed in RBC to prevent fragmentation which would increase blood viscosity
Reminder:
If blood is too viscous – heart must work too hard to pump it

30. Hematopoiesis Hematopoiesis: Blood cell formation
Occurs in red bone marrow (myeloid) which is found in the ends of long bones and in flat bones
Stem Cell is called Megakaryocyte – make blood cells in
red bone marrow
lymphatic tissue
Hemocytoblasts convert to hemocytes
Cycle takes 3-5 days

31. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
shape and size
disk-shaped
7–8 micrometers in diameter
hemoglobin
binds with oxygen

32. Stem Cells

33. Erythropoiesis Erythropoiesis: Red blood cell formation
Based on oxygen demands by body
Hypoxia: too few RBCs = oxygen deprivation
Too many (polycythemia) = blood viscosity increases
Average production rate = 2 million/sec
Controlled hormonally
Based on level of available oxygen
triggers erythropoietin production in kidney

34. Erythropoiesis

35. Erythropoiesis Production depends on: Fe, vitamin B12, and folic acid
Necessary for DNA synthesis and hemoglobin synthesis

36. Life Cycle of RBCs
After 120 days, the RBC is degraded and recycled by Macrophages (cleanup crew)
Hemoglobin is broken down to bilirubin
Goes to liver to be excreted
Liver damage can cause jaundice affecting many body organs
Review: Bilirubin excess in brain causes kernicturus

37. Life Cycle of RBCs

38. End of Quiz #1 Material

39. Leukocytes (WBCs) – body defense system
4000 – 11,000 per mm3
Complete cells with nuclei and various organelles

40. Leukocyte Special Characteristics
Diapedesis
Reach infection site by slipping into and out of blood vessels
Ameboid motion
Move through tissue spaces to reach location
Chemotaxis
Respond to chemicals released by damaged cells in order to locate damaged area

41. Leukocytes-Granulocytes
Contain specialized granules and lobed nuclei

42. Neutrophils
Active phagocytes – attracted to inflammation through chemotaxis
Numbers increase during bacterial & fungal infections
Produce white/yellow pus and snot & mucus

43. Basophils Basophils Located in certain tissues – aka. Mast cells
Increase in # during allergy attacks
Produce heparin & histamine to cause vasodilation and attract other WBCx to area of attack
Produce clear watery snot

44. Eosinophils Located in intestinal & pulmonary mucosa and in dermis
Increase in number during
Parasitic infestations and produce chemicals to counteract allergic reactions
Produce greenish snot

45. Leukocytes-Agranulocytes

46. Leukocytes Lack granules
Formed in bone marrow and then migrate to lymphatic tissues – rarely circulate in blood unless needed
2 types

47. Leukocytes-Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

48. Leukocytes Lymphocytes: 3 types that play an immune system role
(B-cells, T-cell, and Natural Killer cells)
T-cells (several types)
Attack virus infected & tumor cells
B-cells (several types)
Produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) for long term immunity

49. Natural Killer Cells

50. Leukocytes Monocytes Very mobile, aggressive macrophages
Increase in number during chronic infections (such as tuberculosis) and act against viruses and bacteria in long term infections
Activate lymphocytes to start immune response

51. Leukopoiesis
Activated by specific chemicals in response to infections, toxins, tumor cells, etc.
Granulocytes produced and stored in bone marrow as needed
Granulocytes have short life span - .5 to 9 days – die fighting invaders
Agranulocytes may live days to years depending on type

52. Plasma Straw colored, sticky fluid matrix
90% water - 10% dissolved proteins, gases, wastes, etc.
Plasma proteins produced by liver: know functions:
Albumin – water balance
Fibrinogen - clotting
Alpha & beta globulins - transport
Gamma globulins - immunity
Homeostatic levels maintained by various organs

53. Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Formed by megakaryocytes (stem cells)
Fragments of cells that clump together to form a seal at damaged BV locations
Not a complete cell – lack nuclei and organelles so short life span

54. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
neutrophils
first responders
eosinophils
allergic reactions
basophils
produce histamine

55. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
lymphocytes
T cells
B cells
form antibodies
monocytes
become macrophages

56. Characteristics of White Blood Cells
granulocytes
neutrophils
perform phagocytosis
kill bacteria and fungi
eosinophils
destroy parasitic worms
control allergic responses
basophils
release histamine
active in allergic reactions

57. Characteristics of White Blood Cells
agranulocytes
lymphocytes
B cells produce antibodies
T cells and NK cells fight cancerous tumors and viruses
monocytes
perform phagocytosis
live longer than neutrophils
morph into macrophages and remove dead cell debris and attack microorganisms

58. Leukocytes-Agranulocytes

59. Platelets (Thrombocytes)
hemostasis
stops bleeding
steps of hemostasis
vessel wall injury and constriction
platelet aggregation
platelet plug formation and coagulation
blood clot formation and retraction

61. Clot formation

62. Steps of Hemostasis Platelet plug formation
Normally, platelets and endothelium are both positively charged so they repel each other and the endothelial wall of BV
When endothelium ruptured, +platelets contact negative collagen fibers
Chemical changes cause platelets to swell and stick together and to the wall
Chemicals are released to attract more platelets to seal cuts
Platelet plug is formed – effective in sealing small vascular nicks

63. The Process of Hemostasis

64. Aspirin
Aspirin inhibits platelet plug formation and prolonged bleeding may occur
In small doses, it inhibits unnecessary clotting thus preventing heart attacks & strokes
Aspirin is an anticoagulant

65. Steps to Hemostasis Vascular Spasms
. initiated by serotonin released from anchored platelets and stimulation of local pain receptors cause BV to spasm
vasoconstriction narrows BV decreasing blood loss

66. Steps to Hemostasis Coagulation – blood clotting
Critical events that occur:
Thromboplastin released by injured tissue
interacts with prothrombin activator (PF3)
Which converts prothrombin to thrombin
Which joins fibrinogen molecules into a fibrin mesh
Which traps RBCs and pulls edges closer together

67. Hemostasis (blood stopping) Hemostasis
Medical Animation Library: Blood Clotting

68. Hemostasis More than 30 substances involved
Procoagulant – promotes clotting
Anticoagulant – inhibits clotting

69. Homeostasis
When body is in homeostasis – there are several mechanisms that prevent clotting when it should NOT occur and enhance clotting when it SHOULD occur.

70. Fibrinolysis (clot busting)

71. Fibrinolysis
When normal cell regeneration begins, clot becomes unnecessary
Plasmin (clot buster) is released until clot is dissolved totally.
release typically begins within 2 days and continues until clot dissolved

72. Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: basophils, hemostasis, hemoglobin, or T cell.
1. _______________ is a type of lymphocyte.
2. _______________ produce histamine.
3. _______________ binds with oxygen.
4. _______________ stops bleeding.

73. Blood Groups
RBCs contain antigens (glycoproteins) for cell recognition
30 common varieties - over 100 "family antigens"
common antigens - ABO and Rh cause vigorous transfusion reactions
others mainly used for ID purposes (paternity, inheritance, etc. - only typed in cases of several transfusions (cumulative effect)
ABO blood groups
based on presence or absence of A or B antigens on RBCs
plasma antibodies act against foreign antigens not present on that individual's RBCs
see chart

74. Antigens & Antibodies

75. Rh+ 85% of Americans - carry Rh antigen on RBC
Rh factor
Rh+ 85% of Americans - carry Rh antigen on RBC
Rh- don't have antigen on RBC
Rh- can go into Rh+ BUT Rh+ cannot go into Rh-
less severe transfusion reaction (hemolysis of donor RBCs) - doesn't usually occur until 2nd transfusion due to body's reaction time

76. In Pregnant Women
can cause erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn)
if Rh- woman carries Rh+ baby
1st baby is usually okay due to reaction time unless there was a bleeding problem during the pregnancy or a previous miscarriage or abortion.
2nd baby will have its blood cells attacked by mother’s antibodies-
Rhogam shot can prevent this if injected at 28 weeks of pregnancy and again right after birth.

79. Transfusions In case of blood loss, body tries to:
1. reduce BV volume to maintain circulation to vital organs
2. step up production of RBCs for replacement
15-30% loss - pallor & weakness
over 30% - severe shock may be fatal
substantial blood loss - whole blood transfusion
Plasma, electrolyte solutions ( Ringer's solution) etc. can be used to increase blood volume while body steps up production of RBCs
Whole Blood transfusions can be given but blood must be typed and matched to prevent transfusion reaction

80. Know the information contained in this chart

81. Transfusion Reaction
Mismatched RBCs antigens attacked by plasma antibodies
agglutination of foreign RBCs can:
clog small BV - reduce blood flow
lysed RBCs release hemoglobin into blood-reduced oxygen capacity - blocks kidney tubules and causes renal shutdown
Reactions: fever, chills, vomiting
Treatment: alkaline fluids to dilute hemoglobin, diuretics to increase urine flow to flush kidneys

82. Agglutination

83. Chapter 10: The Blood
Lesson 10.2
Blood Types

84. Blood Types blood types the Rh classification system
complete blood count

85. Blood Types A, B, AB, and O antigens and antibodies antigen antibody
on surface of RBC, identify self and non-self
antibody
in blood plasma, mark foreign cells

86. Blood Types

87. Blood Transfusions agglutination universal recipient universal donor
clumping of RBCs
universal recipient
blood type AB
universal donor
blood type O

88. The Rh Classification System
Rh-positive individuals
have Rh factor antigen on RBCs
Rh-negative individuals
do not have Rh factor antigen on RBCs
Rh factor complications
erythroblastosis fetalis
RhoGAM

89. Complete Blood Count
detects blood disorders or diseases

90. Review and Assessment True or False?
1. Blood type O is the universal donor.
2. Agglutination is the clumping of RBCs.
3. Antigens are in blood plasma.
4. Antibodies are on the surface of RBCs.
5. Rh factor is positive or negative.

91. Blood Disorders and Diseases
Chapter 10: The Blood
Lesson 10.3
Blood Disorders and Diseases

92. Blood Disorders and Diseases
anemia
jaundice
hemophilia
polycythemia
leukemia
multiple myeloma

93. Anemia decrease in number of RBCs insufficient amount of hemoglobin
acquired anemia
deficient diet, parasitic worms, disease
inherited anemia
genetic makeup

94. Acquired Anemias iron-deficient anemia
insufficient dietary intake of iron
bleeding from intestinal worms
pregnancy

95. Acquired Anemias aplastic anemia damage to stem cells in bone marrow
causes
toxins
radiation therapy or chemotherapy
infectious disease
heredity

96. Acquired Anemias pernicious anemia anemias caused by chronic disease
intestines can not absorb vitamin B12
anemias caused by chronic disease
rheumatoid arthritis
kidney disease
chronic infections
cancer

97. Inherited Anemias sickle cell anemia Cooley’s anemia
RBCs have abnormal shape
crises–painful episodes
Cooley’s anemia
cannot produce fully formed hemoglobin
cannot make enough RBCs

98. Jaundice yellow-colored skin and whites of the eyes excess bilirubin
from breakdown of RBCs
possible liver damage
newborns
photobank.kiev.ua/Shutterstock.com

99. Blood Disorders hemophilia polycythemia inherited blood does not clot
overproduction of RBCs
causes thick blood

100. Leukemia cancer of the blood acute lymphocytic leukemia
over production of lymphocytes
acute myeloid leukemia
too many myeloblasts

101. Leukemia chronic lymphocytic leukemia chronic myeloid leukemia
high level of lymphocytes
chronic myeloid leukemia
too many granulocytes

102. Multiple Myeloma plasma cell cancer in bone marrow may damage bone
treatable
incurable

103. Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: jaundice, leukemia, anemia, hemophilia. 1. cancer of the blood 2. blood does not clot 3. yellow colored skin 4. decrease in number of RBCs