2. Grammar = Connection Girl the a Monday fell found feather then on she revery into and. The girl found a feather on Monday and then she fell into revery.

3. GRAMMAR = CONNECTION = MEANING

4. Clause = Subject + Verb Mary ran. In the morning before John was able to imbibe the coffee which he depends on to keep him afloat through the rest of the day teaching English in an age of declining literacy. But clauses do not always make sentences:

5. Modifiers: Adjective + Adverb That brash young girl ran so smugly yesterday.

6. A preposition shows a relation between: the noun (object) which always follows it and some other noun or verb in the sentence. The artist under the awning paints only during the bullfights.

7. Phrases: Adjective + Adverb That brash young girl in the green sweater ran so smugly over her opposition.

8. Nouns: Subjects and Objects My uncle robs banks in the summer. Subjects DO things; Objects DON’T The fascination of the abomination worried Marlow and ruined Kurtz during their sojourn in Africa.

9. Noun as subject completion A noun following the verb “TO BE” will be a subject. A cat is (=) a carnivore. His answer was (=) the truth. The only action that I can consider will be(=) war. That cat killed this carnivore and his action started this war.

10. Noun as Object The teacher asked a question. Mary passed the test. John ordered a pizza. The teacher in the library asked a question about the test on history. The teacher asked John the question when Mary gave her the wrong answer. Object of a verb Object of a Preposition Indirect Object

11. Coordinate Conjunctions Co- means “equals” Coordinate conjunctions join constructions of “equal order.” John and Mary ran and swam down the road and across the river, but they were found quickly and easily by the dogs.

12. Subordinate Conjunctions 1 “Strong, surgically precise clause connectors” I wrote because I was concerned. The princess disappeared as the clock struck. If you speak clearly, I will listen. Although I find it hard, I will try. Since you ask, I will tell you. Throw the ball when I count to four. reason joining adverb clauses: time condition ??? reason time

13. Subordinate Conjunctions 2 “strong, surgically precise clause connectors” Relative pronouns begin adjective clauses: The tire that failed was a Firestone. The girl who spoke is my sister. I have an idea which should please you all. The girl whom you met last night knows Jill. My sister, who works at Sobeys, is rich. My sister who works at Sobeys is rich but my other one is poor.

14. Subordinate Conjunctions 3 Relative pronouns starting subordinate noun clauses: Whatever you want pleases me too. You will see whomever you want. I know you by what you do in life. Whom you marry is your business. I understand that you are tired. I see how it goes now. What I say is what I do. I told whom you said the answer. Subject of verb Object of verb Object of preposition Subject of verb Object of verb Subject of verb & subject completion Indirect object

15. Clauses: Principal + Subordinate The girl ran and the boy rested. The girl ran; the boy rested. The girl ran when the boy rested. (second clause modifies [subordinate to] “ran”) The girl who wears the Nikes ran. (Modifies the noun “girl”) The girl wears what she wants. (Noun object of the verb “wears”)

16. Verbals: ½ Verbs + ½ __?__ Gerund: present participle as verbal noun Smoking cigarettes causes nasty cancers. (“Smoking is the subject of “causes.” ½ noun + ½ v.) Participle: present participle as verbal adjective The girl smoking cigarettes invites nasty cancers. (“smoking” modifies “girl” – ½ adjective + ½ v.) Participle: past participle as verbal adjective The cigarette smoked by the girl smelled rank. (“smoked” modifies “cigarette” – ½ adjective + ½ v. Infinitive: verbal as noun, adjective, or adverb The girl likes to smoke cigarettes. ( 1/2 noun + ½ v.) There is no good way to smoke cigarettes. (1/2 adj. + ½ v.) The girl stopped to smoke a cigarette. (1/2 adverb + ½ v.)

17. Verbal Review The grenade, held by a psychotic and threatening to explode, emptied the room quickly. Threatening the public like that created a fear both terrifying and real. Frightened by this violent behavior, several children began screaming in terrified voices. It is not amusing to terrify children by waving live grenades.

18. Verbal Review The grenade, held by a psychotic and threatening to explode, emptied the room quickly. Threatening the public like that created a fear both terrifying and real. Frightened by this violent behavior, several children began screaming in terrified voices. It is not amusing to terrify children by waving live grenades. participle gerund infinitive