1. Chapter 4: Nature, Nurture, Human Diversity (Part 2) Eliza Kronenberger, Kayla Russell, Abby Lagunov

2. 3 Critiques of Evolutionary Psychology: Starts with effect and works backward to propose explanation Unethical and immoral men could use such explanations to rationalize behavior toward women Explanation overlooks effects of cultural expectations and socialization.

3. Douglass Kenrick When referring to nature and nurture, he compares humans to a coloring book  the outline is given to us at birth.

4. Rat Studies for Brain Development Rats were either raised alone in an impoverished environment, or they were raised with others in an enriched environment. In enriched environment, rats developed significantly more cerebral cortex (relative to rest of brain’s tissue).

5. Kolb and Whishaw Because brain weights increased 7-10%, documented that # of synapses had mushroomed by 20%.

6. Fields Study on Premature Babies: If a baby is born underweight (around 3-4 ibs), it will receive massage therapy for 15 minutes. Within weeks, the baby develops neurologically and will gain weight.  Power of touch

7. Pruning Process Connections that are not used eventually whither away and die.

8. Language According to psychology, a child should begin learning a language at a young age– at around 2/3 years old.

9. Brain Role in Maturation “Use it or lose it”– If certain parts of brain are never used, then they will not be able to be used in the future.

10. Plasticity Term used to describe how the brain is always changing.

11. Chimpanzees “Even among chimpanzees, when one infant is hurt by another, the victim’s mother will often attack the offender’s mother” (Goodall, 1968). Parents’ job to help their child

12. Power of Family Environment Shows in… Political Attitudes Religious Beliefs Personal Matters

13. Selection Effect Kids seek friends who relate to him/her, similar tastes/interests

14. Peer Influence “Men resemble the times more than they resemble their fathers.” Shows power of peer influence over genes

15. Parental/Teen Influences Parents more influential: education, discipline, orderliness, charitableness, ways of interacting with authority figures Teens more influential: leadership, road to popularity, inventing styles of interactions

16. “It takes a village to raise a child.” Both parents and peers play very important roles in the growing up years of a child.

17. Nature’s greatest gift: Our ability to learn and adapt

18. Culture The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

19. Designed for Culture We are very social animals- we live in “packs”, we are designed for culture.

20. Cultural Diversity More relevant in Los Angeles than Japan.

21. Norm Definition: An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Example: Girls with Uggs

22. Personal Space The zone we like to maintain around our bodies. Ex. Mexicans often go too close to body, Canadians prefer more personal space.

23. Culture Shocks Two greatest culture shocks for peace corps volunteers: The differing pace of life The people’s differing sense of punctuality

24. Modern Times 3 conveniences: email, air- conditioning, flying (planes) 3 negatives: divorce, delinquency, depression

25. Individualist/Collectivist Culture Individualist culture: gives priority to one’s own goals over the group goals. Collectivist culture: priority to one’s group over one’s self.

26. Individualistic Cultures Common in North America, Western Europe Strive for personal control and individual achievement

27. Collectivist Culture Sense of belonging Network of caring individuals Set of values

28. Korea Korea is an example of a collectivist culture

29. Individualist Culture Personal Freedom Less geographically bound to families More privacy Take more pride in personal achievements

30. Table 4.1

31. Gender Biological sex in turn helps define our gender; the biological and social characteristics by which people define as male or female.

32. Chromosomes Out of our 46 chromosomes, 45 are unisex which proves that men and women are very similar.

33. 4 Differences between Men/Women during Puberty Average woman enters puberty 2 years sooner Average woman lives 5 years longer Women have 40% less muscle The average woman is 5 inches shorter than the average man

34. Gender Differences Women: Smell fainter odors, express emotions more freely, offered help more often Men: more often diagnosed with autism, color-blindness, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and antisocial personality disorder

35. Relational Vs. Physical Aggression Aggression is defined as any physical/verbal behavior intended to hurt someone. Relational- excluding somebody Physical- acts such as hitting/harming in some way

36. Male Activities 2 traditional examples: hunting, fighting Men are more likely to support war

37. Perceptions of men vs. women Men: dominant, forceful, independent Women: deferential, nurturing, caring

38. Men vs. Women Men place more importance on power/achievement than women throughout the world

39. Who plays in larger groups? Boys play in larger groups Girls play in smaller groups

40. Male answer syndrome Men are more likely than women to make up answers to questions that they do not know the answer for.

41. Women vs. Men Women are more interdependent than males, spend more time with friends, less time alone, more time on social networking sites, take more pleasure talking face to face, and use conversations to explore relationships.

42. Talking Women and men talk about equally. This tends to be very surprising due to the stereotype

43. Mother/Daughter Connection 96% of women feel closer to their mothers than their fathers

44. Facing Problems 3 reasons that both men and women turn to women when they face problems: Women seem more nurturing/caring, more enjoyable to talk to, seem more understanding

45. Tend and Befriend Concept where women turn to other women for support

46. Spirituality Women are more likely than men to be spiritual

47. Different Sex Characteristics Over time, each sex develops traditional characteristics of the opposite sex.

48. X Chromosome Definition: sex chromosome found in both men and women Females have 2, men have 1

49. Y Chromosome Sex chromosome found in males. X + Y = Male

50. Testosterone Most important male sex hormone

51. Genetic Brain Advantages Women: May cause increase in verbal fluency Men: Higher ability to recognize objects

52. Excess Testosterone When a female infant gets excess testosterone in the womb, the infant is born with more masculine-appearing genitals, more aggressive tom- boyish behavior, and often dress like boys Excessive testosterone can cause identity confusion

53. Role Set of expectations

54. Gender Roles Set of expected behaviors for males and females

55. Gender Identity Our sense of labeling as a male or a female

56. Social Learning Theory We learn by observing/imitating behaviors Example: We keep in mind what is being rewarded and what is being punished

57. Schema Concepts that help you make sense of your world

58. Gender Schema How we view male and female experiences

59. Figure 4.8