1. The Age of Imperialism, 1850–1914

2. Imperialism
Ambition of a powerful nation to dominate the political, economic, and cultural affairs of another nation or region
Seizure of a weaker country by a stronger one

3. Goal of Imperialism

6. Problems Discourage Exploration Armies, rivers, disease discourage exploration

7. Nations Compete for Overseas Empires Missionaries, explorers, humanitarians reach interior of Africa

8. Belief in European Superiority
Race for colonies grows out of national pride
Racism —belief that one race is better than others
Social Darwinism —survival of the fittest applied to human society

11. Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa
Technological inventions like steam engine, Machine
gun help conquest
Perfection of quinine protects Europeans from malaria
Within Africa, Africans are divided by language and culture
The Lure of Wealth
Discovery of gold and diamonds increases interest in colonization

12. Berlin Conference Divides Africa
Berlin Conference —14 nations agree on rules for division (1884–85):
countries must claim land and prove ability to control it
By 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia are free of European control 
Demand for Raw Materials Shapes Colonies
Raw materials are greatest source of wealth in Africa
Businesses develop cash-crop plantations

13. The Boer War Boer War between British, Boers begins in 1899
Boers are Dutch settlers
British win; Boer republics united in Union of South Africa (1910)

14. A New Period of Imperialism
Extending Influence
Europeans want to control all aspects of their colonies:
influence political, social lives of people
shape economies to benefit Europe
want people to adopt European customs

15. Form Definition Example Colony Protectorate Sphere of Influence
A country is governed by an outside power
Britain will colonize 13 Original Colonies (U.S)
Protectorate
A country has its own government but it is still under outside control
Britain established a protectorate over the Niger River delta.
United States & Cuba
Sphere of Influence
An outside power controls the investment and trade of the country
The United States established a sphere of influence over Liberia.
China (Open Door Policy)
Economic Imperialism
A country is controlled by private business
The Dole Fruit Company took control of Hawaii.

16. Imperial Management Methods
Indirect Control
Local Government officials used
Limited self-rule
Goal: to develop future leaders
Government institutions are based on European styles but may have local rules
Direct Control
Foreign officials are brought in to rule
No self-rule
Goal: assimilation (change the culture to that of the ruling country)
Governments are based on only European styles
Paternalism —Europeans provide for local people, but grant no rights (Parent)

17. African Resistance
Broad resistance to imperialism, but Europeans have superior weapons

18. The Legacy of Colonial Rule
Negative Effects
Africans lose land and independence, many lose lives
Traditional cultures break down
Division of Africa creates problems that continue
today
Positive Effects
Colonialism reduces local fighting
Sanitation improves; hospitals and schools created
Technology brings economic growth

19. The Suez Canal
Egypt & the French build the Suez Canal—human-made waterway
connects Red Sea to Mediterranean
Modernization efforts create huge debt
British oversee financial control of canal, occupy Egypt in 1882
British left in 1956

20. British Imperialism in India
East India Company Dominates
British East India Company rules India until 1850s
Company has its own army led by British officers
Britain’s “Jewel in the Crown”
India is Britain’s most valuable colony, “jewel in the crown”
Forced to produce raw materials for British
manufacturing
Also forced to buy British goods

21. Impact of Colonialism
British hold much of political and economic power
Cash crops result in loss of self-sufficiency, famine
Indian life disrupted by missionaries and racist attitudes
British modernize India’s economy, improve public
health

22. European Powers Invade the Pacific Rim

23. Hawaii Becomes a Republic
-U.S. business leaders want annexation—adding territory to country
-Queen Liliuokalani removed from power in 1893
-Sanford B. Dole was named President (1894)
Hawaii Becomes a Republic
-U.S. annexes Republic of Hawaii (1898)
-Became a state in 1959

24. Desire for Self-Sufficiency
Industrial Revolution increased the demand for sources of power, raw materials, rose standard of living, and demand for products
Industrialized nations did not want to be at the mercy of others, so they tried to gain control of the sources of the raw materials they needed

25. Imperial China Collapses
China was ruled by Emperors, each heading a Dynasty.
They were self-sufficient, needing nothing from the outside world.
Unwilling to trade with outsiders, English traders found the one item China did not have: Opium.
Addicted to this narcotic, China was forced to open their doors to outsiders.

26. Opium War
A conflict between Britain & China, lasting from , over Britain’s Opium trade in China
China lost (Treaty of Nanjing)
Treaty gives Britain Hong Kong
Hong Kong gets independence in 1997

27. Open Door Policy- policy proposed by the United States in 1899, under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China
Boxer Rebellion- a 1900 revolt in China, aimed at ending foreign influence in the country

29. Spanish-American War 1898 President William McKinley
USS Maine explodes on Feb.15, 1898
-killing 267 Americans, Assume Spanish did it
“Remember the Maine”
U.S. invades Cuba

30. Spanish-American War Continued
Teddy Roosevelt
Rough Riders
Treaty of Paris 1898
(Signed in Paris October 1, 1898)
Ended Spanish/AmericaWar (U.S. & Spain)

31. New Territories for United States
Philippines (bought for $20 million)
Guam
Puerto Rico-Commonwealth
Cuba was to be independent

32. Panama Canal

33. THE PANAMA CANAL Cost- $380 million Workers– Over 40,000 (5,600 died)
Time – Construction took 10 years

34. Panama Canal
U.S. wanted a quick way to get from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean
Asked Colombia for permission to build canal (said No)
Panama along with U.S. aid proclaimed a revolution to gain independence for Panama from Colombia and succeeded in 1903
Panama gave U.S. all rights to build canal
One of greatest engineering achievements opened in 1914
U.S. controlled it until 1999

35. This view, provided by NASA, shows the thin blue line (canal) cutting across the middle of Panama

36. Monroe Doctrine
Monroe Doctrine U.S. policy of opposition to European interference in Latin America, announced by President James Monroe in 1823
Wanted to keep Europeans out of Western Hemisphere

37. Roosevelt Corollary
President Theodore Roosevelt’s 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, in which he declared that the United States had the right to exercise “police power” throughout the Western Hemisphere
Said if any situation threatened the independence of any country in the Western Hemisphere the U.S. would act as an international Police Power to prevent a foreign country from intervening
Latin Americans were enraged at the thought that they could not handle their own affairs

38. Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt Corollary -U.S. can be police power in the Americas
U.S. uses corollary to justify repeated military interventions
Natural consequence of Monroe Doctrine
Guarantee that Latin American nations would meet their international obligations