1. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. MICHAEL D. JOHNSON CANCER: UNCONTROLLED CELL DIVISION AND DIFFERENTIATION CHAPTER 18 CANCER: UNCONTROLLED CELL DIVISION AND DIFFERENTIATION PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Robert J. Sullivan, Marist College Human Biology Concepts and Current Issues Second Edition

2. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Characteristics of Benign Tumors and Cancers Table 18.1

3. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Benign Remain in one location Single, well defined mass May be surrounded by connective tissue Cancerous Abnormal cell structure, may appear undifferentiated May spread Edge of tumor not clearly defined Tumors

4. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Malignant Tumor Development Figure 18.2

5. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Dysplasia: abnormal change in cell structure In Situ Cancer: malignant tumor in only one place Matastases: secondary tumors at other locations Cancerous Cells: Lose Control Over Cell Functions

6. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Mutated or damaged genes Proto-oncogenes: normal regulatory genes Oncogenes: mutated or damaged proto-oncogenes Tumor suppressor genes: regulatory genes repress cell growth, division, differentiation, adhesion May be turned off, damaged or mutated in cancers How Cancer Develops

7. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Carcinogens Table 18.2

8. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Tumor imaging: X-rays, PET, MRI Genetic testing: identify mutated genes, privacy and treatment issues Enzyme tests for cancer markers: screening large numbers of people Advances in Diagnosis: Early Detection

9. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Conventional treatments: surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy Immunotherapy: promotes the immune response Starving cancers: inhibits angiogenesis Molecular treatments: target oncogenes Cancer Treatments

10. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Ten Most Common Cancers Table 18.3

11. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Skin cancer: three major types Breast cancer: almost exclusively in women Prostate cancer: most common after age 50 in males Lung cancer: smoking is the leading risk factor Cancers of colon and rectum: early detection has increased survival rates to 62% Most Common Cancers

12. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Lymphoma: related to altered immune function Urinary bladder cancer: surgery needed early Cancer of the uterus: includes cervical cancer and cancer of the endometrium Leukemia: chemotherapy often effective Cancers of mouth and pharynx: tobacco major risk Most Common Cancers ( cont.)

13. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Know family history Get regular medical screenings Learn self-examination techniques Avoid direct sunlight 10 AM to 4 PM, avoid sunlamps and tanning salons Watch diet and weight Don’t smoke Drink in moderation, if at all Be informed Most Cancers are Preventable