1. Review for Unit 4A Test Describe means to place the quote or visual in a state and an era and an event. Analyze means to explain the possible causes or consequences of the event you just described. Analyze could also include listing other people of the time that would agree or disagree with the event or ideology of the quote or image.

2. SOAPSTone, Analyze and Synthesize The royal power is absolute... The prince need render account of his acts to no one... Without this absolute authority [he] could neither do good nor repress evil. It is necessary that his power be such that no one can hope to escape him... The prince... is not regarded as a private person: he is a public personage, all the state is in him; the will of all the people is included in his. As all perfection and all strength are united in God, so all the power of individuals is united in the person of the prince. Source: Bishop Jacques Benigne Bossuet Whereas the late King James II... did endeavor to subvert [to destroy, overthrow or undermine] and extirpate [to eliminate] the Protestant religion and the laws and liberties of this kingdom... and whereas the said late King James II having abdicated the government, and the throne being vacant… the said lords being now assembled in a full and free representative body of this nation…do in the first place…. Declare: )1_ That the pretended power of suspending of laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal… Source: English Bill of Rights, 1689

3. SOAPStone Who at the time would agree? Disagree? Why? I possess a dignity and power founded on ignorance; I walk on the heads of the men who lie at my feet; if they should rise and look me in the face, I am lost; I must bind them to the ground, therefore, with iron chains. Thus have reasoned the men whom centuries of bigotry have made them powerful. They have other powerful men beneath them, and these have still others, who all grow rich with the spoils of the poor, grow fat on their blood, and laugh at their stupidity. They all hate tolerance, as... tyrants dread the word liberty. Source: Voltaire, Philosophical Dictionary 1764.

4. SOAPStone and Analyze A strange consequence that necessarily follows from the use of torture is that the innocent person is placed in a condition worse than that of the guilty, for if both are tortured, the circumstances are all against the former. Either he confesses the crime and is condemned, or he is declared innocent and has suffered a punishment he did not deserve. Source: On Crimes and Punishments by Cesare Beccaria, 1764

5. SOAPSTone and Analyze Who made man the exclusive judge, if woman partake with him of the gift of reason?... in this style argue tyrants of very denomination, from the weak king to the weak father of a family; they are all eager to crush reason, yet always assert that they usurp [take by power] its throne only to be useful. Do you not act a similar part when you force all women, by denying them civil and political rights, to remain immured [confined] in their families groping in the dark? Source: A Vindication of the Rights of Women, 1792

6. SOAPStone and Analyze

7. “Whenever, therefore, the legislative [power] shall transgress this fundamental rule of society [which is the preservation of property], and either by ambition, fear, folly, or corruption, endeavor to grasp themselves, or put into the hands of any other, an absolute power over the lives, liberties, and estates of the people, by this breath of trust they forfeit the power the people had put into their hands... and it devolves [passes] to the people; who have a right to resume their original liberty, and by the establishment of a new legislative, provide for their own safety and security....” Source: Excerpt from John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government, 1690

8. Describe and Analyze

9. Describe and analyze

10. 1643 - 1715

11. Describe and analyze 1682 – 1725

12. Describe and analyze 1685 - 1800s

13. Describe and analyze 1701 - 1795

14. Describe and analyze

15. Catherine the Great and Diderot