1. Chapter 7 Social Control Theory

2. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Social Control The key question they try to answer is not, Why do people become criminals? But rather, Why do people not become criminals? Social Control Theory focuses on techniques and strategies that regulate human behavior and lead to conformity, or obedience to society’s rules. Social control theories maintain that all people have the potential to violate the law and that modern society presents many opportunities for illegal activity.

3. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Social control theorists argue that people obey the law because behavior and passions are being controlled by internal and external forces. Most people have developed a strong moral sense, which prevents them from violating social norms.

4. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Travis Hirschi Social Bonds Travis Hirschi’s social bonding theory may be the most popular criminological theory today. First presented in 1969, Hirschi questioned why people do not commit crime. Hirschi theorized that crime is more common among individuals with weakened bonds to societal institutions.

5. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Travis Hirschi Social Bonds Attachment: to parents, teachers, peers - Attachment to parents is the most important - affection deters criminal activities - Strength depends on the depth and quality of parent-child interaction Commitment: to conventional lines of action. - vocational aspirations, educational expectations and aspirations

6. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Involvement: with activities that promote the interests of society - A busy person doing conventional things has little time for deviant activities. Belief: consists of assent to the society’s value system - respect of its laws and for the people and institutions that enforce them.

7. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Neutralization and Drift Theory David Matza and Gresham Skyes developed neutralization theory. Matza argues that even the most committed criminals and delinquents are not involved in criminality all the time. They drift in and out of conventional and criminal behavior.

8. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Neutralization and Drift Theory Guilt and same lie at the center of neutralization theory. To counter guilt or shame, adolescents need to neutralize those feelings by developing at least one of five rationalizations or techniques of neutralization about why it is OK to break the law

9. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. David Matza Delinquency and Drift Techniques of neutralization: 1. Denial of Responsibility – behavior is due to forces beyond their control 2. Denial of Injury – no one was hurt 3. Denial of the Victim – they deserved it 4. Condemnation of the Condemner – they made me do it. 5. Appeal to Higher Loyalties – I had no choice.

10. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Walter Reckless Containment Theory Containment Theory assumes that for every individual there exists a containing external structure and a protective internal structure, both of which provide defense, protection, or insulation against delinquency.

11. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Walter Reckless Containment Theory Reckless suggests that the probability of deviance is directly related to the extent to which internal pushes, and external pulls are controlled by one’s inner and outer containment. The primary containment factor is found in self-concept

12. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Containment Theory Outer containment A role that guides a person’s activity Reasonable limits and responsibilities Opportunity to achieve status Cohesion among members of group. Sense of belongingness Inner Containment A good self-concept; Self-control; A strong ego; Well-developed conscience; High frustration tolerance High sense of responsibility

13. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Albert J. Reiss Delinquency is the result of 1. a failure to internalize socially accepted and prescribed norms of behavior, 2. a breakdown of internal controls; and 3. a lack of social rules that prescribe behavior in the family, the school, and other important social groups.

14. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. General Theory of Crime Travis Hirschi and Michael Gottfredson Designed to explain an individual’s propensity to commit crime Assumes that the offenders have little control over their own behavior and desires Crime is a function of poor self-control

15. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Individuals with low self-control tend to be involved in noncriminal events that result in harm such as 1. drinking and smoking 2. And most types of accidents including auto crashes, household fires, and unwanted pregnancies.