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Published byJaquan Nickeson Modified over 9 years ago
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Architecture The art of sheltering people both physically and spiritually from the raw elements of the unaltered world Vertical Horizontal
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Great Pyramids at Giza -2600 BCE
Vertical format
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Pyramid of Khufu- finished 2560 BCE- largest, oldest of Giza necropolis
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Horizontal format- Queen Hatshepsut mortuary temple. circa 1500 BCE
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Post & Lintel Horizontal beams laid across open space between vertical supports Limited by lack of tensile strength -withstands bending Has compressive strength- withstands crushing
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Stonehenge, England 1800-1400 BCE: Post & lintel
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Hypostyle Hall from courtyard temple of Amon-Mut-Khonsu, Luxor columns- 30’, 1390 BCE. Stylized marsh plants for capitals
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Hypostyle: a large hall erected in post and lintel construction filled with columns
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Byodo-in Temple, Japan, c
Byodo-in Temple, Japan, c. 1053: Post and lintel with bracket system in wood
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Columns Columns- consist of a shaft, base, capital
Fluting- may be carved vertical lines on the shaft Base- may be none, stepped, or elaborately stepped Capital- uppermost section, transition from top of column to lintel
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Greek Architectural Orders
Doric Order- simple shaft, no base, curved shape supporting a squared capital Ionic- shaft with fluting, rests on stepped base, carved scrolls on capital called volutes Corinthian- most complex, fluted column rests on a detailed, stepped base with carved, stylized acanthus leaves on the capital
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Doric Doric column
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Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens- 448-432 BCE- Doric Temple
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Detail of Doric Columns
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Ionic Ionic Column
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Kallidrates. Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis, Athens 427-424 BCE
Kallidrates. Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis, Athens BCE. Ionic order
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Corinthian Corinthian column
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Maison Carree, Nimes, France-16 BCE- Corinthian order
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Arch Construction Stresses transfer outward from center (keystone) to legs: does not depend on tensile strength of materials Round- Roman Horseshoe- Moorish Lance- pointed, Gothic Ogee arch
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Arch types
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Arch Construction Perfected by the Romans by 2nd c. BCE
Can define large spaces because the stress is transferred from the keystone to the legs Keystone- wedge-shaped central stone in the arch; it is inserted last & locks the other stones in place Vault- arched masonry structure that spans an interior space
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Joined Arches Arcade- a series arches placed side by side
Tunnel vault- half-round arch extended in depth, arches placed back to back to enclose space Groin vault- formed by the intersection of two barrel vaults of equal size at right angles Ribbed vault- tunnel or groin vault in which the lines marking the diagonal intersection of the vaults are reinforced with raised masonry Dome-arch rotated 360 degrees on its vertical axis
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Colosseum, 1st c. Roman- Arcade
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Sens Cathedral, tunnel vault 1145-1163
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Reims Cathedral, France 1211-1290: Groin Vault
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Chartres Cathedral, France, 1140s- Ribbed Vaulting
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Pantheon, Rome, CE. Dome
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Oculus in the Dome
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Great Stupa at Sanchi, 3rd century. Dome
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Detail of Gateway, post and lintel
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Dome of the Rock: 684 CE, mosaic wall
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Arch Supports Buttress- reinforcement to the legs of an arch to prevent them from caving outward Flying Buttress- buttress designed to overcome bulk of stone by accomplishing structural ends that were light in appearance
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Notre Dame de Paris, 1163-1250 - Buttresses
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Notre Dame- Flying buttresses
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Contemporary Structural Systems
Cantilever- overhanging beam or floor supported only at one end Bearing wall- the wall supports itself, the walls and the roof Skeleton frame-a framework supports the building, the walls attach to the frame forming an exterior skin
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Balcony created by cantilevered slab, Rome
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Frank Lloyd Wright: Falling Water, Bear Run, PA, 1935
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Falling Water
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Log cabin: Oslo, Norway- Norwegian Museum of Cultural History
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Bearing wall systems: Fairbanks House, 1638, Dedham, Massachusetts
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Louis Sullivan. Wainwright Building, 1891, Skeleton frame covered with masonry
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Variations Skeleton frame
1. Balloon construction: When the framing utilizes wood, as in house construction 2. Steel cage construction: When the metal forms the frame, as in skyscrapers
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Skidmore, Owings, Merrill. Sears Tower, Chicago, 1971
Skidmore, Owings, Merrill. Sears Tower, Chicago, Steel cage construction
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Building Materials Stone- post & lintel; also combined with mortar or brick & mortar, called masonry Concrete- pre-cast concrete (cast in place using wooden forms around steel) Ferro-concrete (reinforced concrete) Wood- balloon framing or post & beam Steel: steel cage, cantilever Steel suspension (bridges, superdomes, aerial walkways) Geodesic dome
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Stone Stone
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Masonry Monandnock Building, Chicago, Architects: Burnam and Root. Masonry
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Concrete Antoni Gaudi: Casa Mila, Masonry and concrete
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Pre-cast Concrete Frank Lloyd Wright: Guggenheim Museum, NYC 1959
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Wood Horyu-ji temple compound with pagoda and Golden Hall- Nara Japan, ca 670 CE. Wood
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Steel Frank Gehry: Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles, 2003: Steel & titanium sheeting
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Steel Suspension Buckminster Fuller, Geodesic dome
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Common Terms Line, forms, repetition Materials, texture Balance
Scale & proportion Color Light Space: how do the forms (walls, ceiling, stairs, entries, roof) enclose the space
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Architectural Considerations
Structural system Context- the environment. How does the example relate to the physical environment – in contrast to or reflective of surroundings Circulation: design and flow of contiguous spaces relative to function Climate- Function- the purpose of the building Dynamics- stability, instability & movement Style- historical reference
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