1. DNA: Replication Transcription Translation

2. Fill in the missing bases:
T A C C T G A G C C T T C A
A T G G A C T C G G AA G T

3. What do the letters of DNA stand for?
Adenine
A = ______________
Thymine
T = ______________
Guanine
G = ______________
Cytosine
C = ______________

4. Structure of DNA:
Who are the two scientists credited with discovering DNA: _________________ and ________________
James Watson
Francis Crick

5. Structure of DNA:
What is the DNA “backbone” made of? _________________
sugar and phosphate

6. Structure of DNA:
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

7. Structure of DNA: What does DNA stand for? ____________________
Sugar =
Deoxyribose
Macromolecule =
Nucleic Acid
Deoxyribonucleic Acid

8. DNA Replication What is DNA Replication?
A process in your cell that makes a copy of your DNA before mitosis.

9. DNA Replication
Why is DNA Replication important for cells and multicellular organisms?
Every time a cell divides you need each new cell to have a complete set of DNA.

10. DNA Replication When does DNA Replication occur?
During S phase of interphase, before mitosis.

11. DNA Replication
What is a chromosome?
Tightly wound DNA

12. DNA Replication What is DNA Polymerase?
An enzyme that copies DNA by matching complimentary nucleotides to the original DNA strand.

13. DNA Replication STEP 1
DNA Polymerase breaks Hydrogen bonds of double helix apart.
DNA

14. DNA Replication STEP 2
DNA Polymerase matches nucleotides to complementary bases.
DNA T T A G

15. DNA Replication STEP 3
Two identical copies of DNA are formed.

16. DNA Replication DNA replication is considered ‘semi- conservative’.
“Semi” means:
“Conservative” means:
Half
Save

17. DNA Replication
How is DNA replication semi-conservative? Explain in your own words!

18. DNA Replication
Draw a picture of a chromosome without DNA replication, and one with DNA replication.

19. DNA and RNA Why do we need DNA in the first place?
DNA has the instructions for every protein our body is made of

20. Chromosome before/after replication

21. DNA and RNA
Picture of how DNA is used by our body:

22. DNA and RNA
Picture of how DNA is used by our body:

23. DNA and RNA
Picture of how DNA is used by our body:

24. Background: DNA  RNA Protein
Where is DNA Stored?________________
What organelle makes proteins?__________
If this is so, where are proteins made? ____________
What problem does this pose? ___________
________________________________
nucleus
ribosomes
cytoplasm
DNA
Cannot leave the nucleus to give directions to ribosomes.

25. Background: DNA  RNA Protein
How does RNA solve this problem?
RNA is a disposable copy of DNA that can leave the nucleus and travel to ribosomes.

26. RNA
RNA’s structure is very similar to the structure of DNA except for 3 major differences.

27. DNA
Sugar:
Deoxyribose
RNA
Ribose
ribose sugar

28. DNA
Double
Stranded
RNA
Single

29. DNA
Bases:
ATCG
RNA
AUCG
Thymine
Uracil
ribose sugar

30. Full Name
Messenger RNA
Short Name
mRNA
Drawing

31. Full Name
Transfer RNA
Short Name
tRNA
Drawing

32. Full Name
Ribosomal RNA
Short Name
rRNA
Drawing
RIBOSOME

33. Background: DNA  RNA Protein

34. Background: DNA  RNA Protein
What is a protein? _______________________
Long chains of amino acids

35. What are some examples of proteins?
Make up all your traits – hair type and color (keratin), what color your skin is (melanin), what enzymes you have to break down food (lactase, peroxidase, amylase), how strong you are (actin/myosin)

36. Background: DNA  RNA Protein
DNA can not _______________________
DNA contains the directions to make ____________
Proteins can only be made in the ____________ by _______________
Leave the nucleus
protein
cytoplasm
ribosomes

37. Background: DNA  RNA Protein
What problem does this cause?
DNA cannot leave the nucleus to give directions to ribosomes.

38. Background: DNA  RNA Protein
How does RNA solve this problem?
mRNA is a disposable copy of DNA that can leave the nucleus to go meet up with the ribosome!

39. Making a disposable copy (mRNA) from DNA.
Transcription
Transcription:
Making a disposable copy (mRNA) from DNA.

40. RNA Polymerase opens the DNA strand of one gene (example: keratin)
Transcription
Description Step 1:
RNA Polymerase opens the DNA strand of one gene (example: keratin)

41. Transcription
Diagram Step 1:

42. RNA Polymerase matches complimentary bases to original DNA strand.
Transcription
Description Step 2:
RNA Polymerase matches complimentary bases to original DNA strand.

43. Transcription
Diagram Step 2:

44. Transcription
Description Step 3:
RNA Polymerase is finished, mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to ribosome.

45. Transcription
Diagram Step 3:

46. Transcription practice
If this was the original DNA nucleotide strand, what would the mRNA copy look like?
DNA: A T C C G A A G T G A T
mRNA U A G G C U U C A C U A

47. Transcription Questions
What does RNA polymerase do?
Does RNA polymerase copy every gene in the nucleus? _______ Why?
Make a copy of DNA called mRNA. No
It only needs the piece of DNA (gene) that codes for the protein the cell needs.

48. Transcription Questions
Just like we read several letters together to have meaning as words, a cell reads three bases together as a code for an amino acid (one part of a protein): Every three bases is called a:
Examples:
codon
Proline, valine, isoleucine, tryptophan

49. Making protein from mRNA.
Translation
Translation:
Making protein from mRNA.

50. mRNA leaves the nucleus to find a ribosome.
Translation
Description Step 1:
mRNA leaves the nucleus to find a ribosome.

51. Translation
Diagram Step 1:

52. A tRNA that matches the mRNA sequence clicks into place.
Translation
Description Step 2:
A tRNA that matches the mRNA sequence clicks into place.

53. Translation
Diagram Step 2:

54. The amino acids are linked together by a peptide bond.
Translation
Description Step 3:
The amino acids are linked together by a peptide bond.

55. Translation
Diagram Step 3:
Peptide bond

56. Amino acid chain breaks off, folds up, and is ready to use.
Translation
Description Step 4:
Amino acid chain breaks off, folds up, and is ready to use.

57. Translation
Diagram Step 4:

58. Translation Questions
How does the ribosome know where to start reading mRNA?
There is a universal start codon AUG, which codes for Methionine

59. Translation Questions
How does the ribosome know where to stop reading the mRNA?
Stop codons

60. Translation Questions
After tRNA has released its amino acid, where does it get another amino acid?
When an organism eats food with protein, proteins are broken down into amino acids, which are then used to build more protein.

61. End IS

62. Structure of DNA: A T C G complimentary bases
____ always pairs with ____, and
____ always pairs with ____.
The bases that pair with each other are called _____________________. C G
complimentary bases

63. Structure of DNA: Categories Purines Pyrimidines Examples: Drawing:
Nitrogen Bases can be separated into two different categories:
Categories
Purines
Pyrimidines
Examples:
Drawing:
Guanine
Thymine
Adenine
Cytosine

64. Structure of DNA: thousands protein gene
A single DNA molecule may contain ____________ of nucleotides (AKA: bases)
The order of the nucleotides (bases) in a DNA is a code that provides instructions for making ____________. A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein is called a ______.
thousands
protein
gene

65. Structure of DNA: histones chromatin chromosomes
In your cells, DNA wraps tightly around proteins called ___________ to produce a substance called ___________ which condenses during cell division (mitosis) to form structures called _______________.
histones
chromatin
chromosomes

66. Structure of DNA: A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein
What is a gene: ______________________
_________________________.
A segment of DNA that
codes for a specific protein

67. What do proteins do?
Make up all your traits – hair type and color (keratin), what color your skin is (melanin), what enzymes you have to break down food (lactase, peroxidase, amylase), how strong you are (actin/myosin)