1. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 Plug-in Vehicles The market and business case Karl Anders Fleet Consultant

2. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 Contents Introduction to Plug-in vehicles Market background Building the business case 2

3. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 Today is not about……… 3

4. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 Which is the odd one out? 4

5. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 Market Background

6. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 EVs are not that new EVs around since mid-19 th century “La Jamais Contente” broke the land speed record in 1899, first vehicle to go over 100km/h (62mph) Peak popularity in 1912 ICE vehicles rapidly took over 6 The New York Times 13 th Oct 1906

7. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 More recent vehicle technology evolving rapidly 7 2004 2010 2011 2012 2013

8. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 Now available to order 8

9. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 Now available to order 9

10. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 Still breaking records New world electric land speed record –Set on the 25th June 2013 –204.185 mph 10 B12 69EV electric Le-Mans Prototype

11. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183

12. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183

13. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 What is a Plug-in Vehicle? Describes a variety of technologies that use electric drive –Pure-EV or a Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) –Plug-in Hybrid (PHEV) –Extended-Range Electric Vehicle (E-REV) 13

14. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 What is a Plug-in Vehicle? Pure Electric Vehicle (BEV) –Battery and electric motor replace fuel tank and internal combustion engine (ICE). –Pure-EVs rely entirely on electricity for fuel 14

15. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 BEV Cars 15 Peugeot iOnNissan LEAFRenault Zoe Z.E.

16. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 BEV Cars 16 Volkswagen e-UP Volkswagen Golf e-Motion Ford Focus

17. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 BEV Vans 17 Renault Kangoo Z.E.Peugeot Partner Mercedes Vito E-Cell

18. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 What is a Plug-in Vehicle? Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) –Combined battery and an electric motor with an internal combustion engine (ICE) –Both drive the wheels – the ICE used when the battery runs out or more power is required 18

19. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 PHEV 19 Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid Audi A3 e-tron Toyota Prius Plug-in

20. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 What is a Plug-in Vehicle? Extended Range Electric Vehicle (E-REV) –Combines battery and electric motor with ICE –Electric motor drives the wheels – ICE is a generator when battery is depleted 20

21. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 E-REV 21 Vauxhall Ampera Chevrolet Volt BMW i3

22. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 How big is the typical battery? 22 PHEV E-REV BEV 5 kWh15 kWh 20 kWh

23. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 How far will it go? 23 PHEV E-REV BEV 5 kWh15 kWh 20 kWh 10-15 miles 30 miles80 miles

24. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 Building the Business Case – PIFI 100

25. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 Plugged-in Fleets initiative ‒ PIFI o 25 fleets o Final report – ‘Charging Forward’ ‒ PIFI 100 o 100 opportunities available 2013/14 o Bespoke profiles, NOT a single model 25

26. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 PIFI 100 process flow 26 Identify the vehicle opportunity Vehicle profiles / duty cycles that appear to work Vehicles where there is an appropriate alternative Understand the costs of all options Carry out whole life cost analysis Review the replacement cycles Assess the recharging options Understand the site requirements and costs Review the additional charging options

27. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 Whole Life Costs Analysis Costs o Outright purchase or lease costs (PiCG/PiVG) o Fuel o VED o Tax o Insurance How can they be cost effective? ‒ “Even with the grants, aren’t they still too expensive?” ‒ Balance running costs V procurement costs 27

28. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 Whole life cost examples (PIFI) Pool car comparison ‒ Scenario will also replace grey fleet mileage @ £0.45 per mile 28 3yrs / 12,000 miles p/a Ford FiestaPeugeot iOn WLC (excl fuel)£8,282£8,605 Life fuel cost£3,048£894 Life Total Cost£11,330£9,499 Pence per mile cost31.526.4

29. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 Whole life cost examples (PiFI) Company car comparison 29 5yrs / 12,000 miles p/a Vauxhall Astra 1.6 Petrol Nissan LEAF Life Cost (excl fuel)£19,800£18,207 Life fuel cost£8,041£2,551 Total Life Cost£27,841£20,758 Pence per mile cost£0.46£0.35

30. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 Whole life cost examples (PiFI) Light van comparison ‒ No congestion charge 30 5yrs / 12,000 miles p/a Citroen Berlingo Hdi 90 Renault Kangoo Z.E. Life Cost (excl fuel)£17,130£19,948 Life fuel cost£7,848£2,636 Total Life Cost£24,978£22,584 Pence per mile cost£0.42£0.38

31. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 Whole life cost examples (PIFI) Light van comparison ‒ No congestion charge ‒ Annual fuel cost difference = £0.11 ppm ‒ Potentially viable if extended to 5yrs / 50,000? 31 4yrs / 10,000 miles p/a Ford Connect Renault Kangoo Z.E. Life Cost (excl fuel)£12,051£18,804 Life fuel cost£6,365£2,009 Total Life Cost£18,416£20,813 Pence per mile cost £0.46£0.52

32. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 32

33. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 Some of the challenges for pure EVs? Mileage profile ‒ High daily mileage (80+ miles o pportunity charging not available) ‒ Low annual mileage Financial benefits of low operating cost not realised Vehicle specifications ‒ Payload limits Recharging limitations ‒ Duty cycle too intensive - No ‘down time’ to charge ‒ No opportunity to charge at home - On-street parking etc. 33

34. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 In summary Identify the vehicle opportunity All fleets are different Focus on vehicle / driver not whole fleet Understand the costs Cost structure different to ICE WLC specific to fleet essential One size doesn’t fit all 34

35. R 0 G 169 B 224 R 79 G 45 B 127 R 207 G 0 B 114 R 199 G 172 B 150 R 237 G 41 B 57 R 194 G 172 B 190 R 41 G 153 B 38 R 254 G 209 B 0 R 225 G 216 B 183 Thank you