1. Review of Verbs

2. Basic Tense Formation and Meanings (See Mueller, 29-31) 1.Present – stem + endings = “I am loosing” 2.Future – stem + s + same endings as present = “I will loose” 3.Imperfect – augment + stem + endings = “I was loosing” 4.1 aorist – augment + stem + s + endings = “I loosed” 5.2 aorist – augment + irreg. stem + same endings as impf. (cf. e;lipon – Davis # 181) = “I left” 6.Perfect – reduplication + stem + k +endings = “I have loosed” 7.Pluperfect – (augment) + reduplication + stem + k + endings = “I had loosed” Forms of eivmi, - Mueller, 32

3. Subjunctive (Mueller, 32-34) Formation: connecting vowel lengthens; aorist has no augment. Tenses express kind of action (continuing or punctiliar), not time. Uses of Subjunctive: 1.Purpose – i[na – “in order that one may…” (# 167). 2.Hortatory – 1 st pl. – “Let us…” (# 174). 3.Deliberative – question – “What are we to do?” (# 194). 4.3 rd class condition – eva,n w/ subj. + fut. ind. (or other) – Condition undetermined but with prospect of determination - “If he comes, he will conquer.” (# 212)3 rd class condition 5.Prohibition – mh, + aor. subj. – prohibition of action not yet begun – “Do not begin to…” (# 317). (Prohibition of continuing an action already begun requires Pres. Imperative.) 6.Emphatic future negation – ouv mh, with aor. subj. = “will never,” “will by no means.”

4. Four Classes of Conditional Sentences 1.Condition determined as fulfilled (# 149) Protasis: eiv + ind., Apodosis: ind. (or any mood) If he came, he conquered. 2.Condition determined as unfulfilled (contrary to fact) (# 381) Protasis: eiv + past tense ind., Apodosis: a;n + past tense ind. If he had come, he would have conquered. 3.Condition undetermined but with prospect of determination (FMV) (# 212) Protasis: eva,n + subj., Apodosis: fut. ind. (or any tense/mood) If he comes, he will conquer. 4.Condition undetermined and with remote prospect of determination (FLV) (# 513) Protasis: eiv + optative, Apodosis: a;n + optative If he should come, he would conquer.

5. Imperative (Mueller, 34-35) 1.Formation: no 1 st person; distinctive endings (except 2 nd pl.); no augment. 2.Translate as command: “loose” 3.3 rd person: “let him/them loose” 4. mh, + present imperative = prohibition of action already begun

6. Infinitives (Mueller, 85-86) Formation: all infinitives have endings in ein or ai; no augments. Time element is remote; tenses express kind of action. Uses of infinitive: 1.Complementary – “to blank” 2.Substantive – construed with neuter article – don’t translate article (Davis, # 357 pt. 1c, 2b). 3.Indirect discourse – accusative of gen. ref. + inf. = “that…” (Davis, # 334). le,gousin auvto.n me,nein) “They say that he remains.” “Subject” of infinitive is in accusative case. 4.Infinitive clauses: preposition + acc. of gen. ref. + inf. (see next slide).

7. Infinitive Clauses (Davis, # 357, pt. 4) 1.Preposition + Infinitive + Accus. of Gen. Ref. 2.Prep. becomes subordinate conjunction. pro, = before dia, = because meta, = after eivj = in order that evn = while 3.Infinitive becomes verb. 4.Accusative becomes subject. (Infinitives take “subject” in accusative case.) 5)tau/ta eivpon eivj to. mh. me,nein u`ma/j evn th/| a`marti,a| = I said these things in order that you might not remain in sin.

8. Participle Usage 1.Attributive (# 244) – see Lesson 30 Has article; modifies a noun. Translate: “the blanking noun;” “the noun which blanks.” 2.Substantive (# 245) – see Lesson 30 Has article; stands in place of understood noun. Translate: “the blanking one;” “the one who blanks.” 3.Circumstantial (# 254, 256) No article; makes additional statement. First attempt: “Blanking/having blanked.” Expansion: “While/after/because he blanked,” etc.

9. Participle Usage – cont. 4.Genitive absolute (# 265) No article (like circumstantial). Participle and noun (or pronoun) in genitive case. Disconnected from main clause. Translation – similar to circumstantial:  First attempt: Participial phrase: “the noun having blanked...”  Expansion into subordinate clause: “While/after/because the noun blanked...”  Noun agreeing with part. becomes “subject.” (Noun in gen. case is translated as subject!)  Do NOT translate the genitive as “of”!!!!!!!!!

10. Examples of Attributive and Substantive Participles 1)o` khru,sswn avpostolo,j $o` avpostolo.j o` khru,sswn% the preaching apostle; the apostle who is preaching 2)o` khru,sswn the one who preaches 3)to. ploi/on to. avgorazo,menon $to. avgorazo,menon ploi/on% the boat which is being bought 4)ta. blepo,mena the things which are seen 5)evn th|/ evlpi,di th/| menou,sh| $evn th/| menou,sh| evlpi,di% in the hope which abides

11. Examples of Circumstantial Participles (# 254) 1)eivpw.n tau/ta avph/lqen) eivpw.n agrees with understood “he.” First attempt: “Having said these things, he departed.” Expansion – if necessary for clarity: Temporal: “When/after he said these things, he departed.” Consecutive: “He said these things and departed.” 2)ivdw.n tau/ta evdo,xaze to.n qeo,n) ivdw.n agrees with understood “he.” First attempt: “Having seen these things, he was glorifying God.” Temporal: “When/after he saw these things, he was glorifying God.” Causal: “Because he saw these things, he was glorifying God.” Consecutive: “He saw these things and was glorifying God.”

12. Examples of Circumstantial Participles (# 254) 3.eivpw.n tau/ta avpe,rcetai) eivpw.n agrees with understood “he.” First attempt: “Having said these things, he departs.” Temporal: “When/after he said these things, he departs.” 4.pare,labon auvto.n eivpo,nta tau/ta) eivpo,nta agrees with auvto.n. First attempt: “They received him having said these things.” (Can’t leave it this way; unclear who said these things.) Temporal: “They received him when/after he said these things.” Causal: “They received him because he said these things.”

13. Examples of Circumstantial Participles (# 254) 5.tuflo.j w;n a;rti ble,pw) w;n agrees with understood “I.” First attempt: “Being blind, now I see.” Concessive: “Whereas/although I was blind, now I see.” Hymnic (?): “I once was blind but now I see.” 6.e;rcomai zhtw/n karpo,n) zhtw/n agrees with understood “I.” First attempt: “I come seeking fruit.” Telic (purpose): “I come (in order) to seek fruit.”

14. Examples of Circumstantial Participles (# 254) 7.poreuo,menoi evkh,russon) poreuo,menoi agrees with understood “they.” First attempt: “Advancing (going), they were preaching.” Temporal : “As/while they were advancing (going), they were preaching.” (Note: pres. part. translated past because finite verb is imperf.) 8.h;lqon zhtw/n ka,rpon) zhtw/n agrees with understood “I.” First attempt: “I came seeking fruit.” Telic (purpose): “I came (in order) to seek fruit.” 9.u`polabw.n ei=pen) u`polabw.n agrees with understood “he.” First attempt: “Having answered (answering), he said.” Consecutive: “He answered and said.” (Note: aor. part. here is simultaneous with finite verb.)

15. Circumstantial vs. Genitive Absolute 1.Circumstantial – part. agrees with noun/pronoun in sentence. ei;pontej tau/ta avph/lqon oi` dou/loi) (circumstantial) ei;pontej agrees with dou/loi (subject). “Having said these things, the slaves departed.” “After they said these things, the slaves departed.” 2.Gen. abs. – part. agrees with noun/pronoun having no grammatical connection to main clause. eivpo,ntwn tw/n maqhtw/n avph/lqon oi` dou/loi) (gen. abs.) eivpo,ntwn agrees with maqhtw/n (no place in sentence). “The disciples having said these things, the slaves departed.” “After the disciples said these things, the slaves departed.” NOT: “Of the disciples saying…” or “Of saying the disciples…”

16. Examples of Genitive Absolute (# 265) 1)tau/ta eivpo,ntwn tw/n maqhtw/n oi` dou/loi h=lqon eivj to.n oi=kon) eivpo,ntwn agrees with maqhtw/n (no place in sentence). “The disciples having said these things, the slaves went into the house.” “After the disciples said these things, the slaves went into the house.” NOT: “Of the disciples saying…” or “Of saying the disciples…” 2)genome,nhj h`me,raj oi` poime,nej avph/lqon) genome,nhj agrees with h`me,raj (no place in sentence). “Day having come, the shepherds departed.” “When day had come, the shepherds departed.” NOT: “Of day having come” or “Of coming of day…”

17. Examples of Genitive Absolute (# 265) 3.auvtou/ le,gontoj tau/ta oi` dou/loi avph/lqon) le,gontoj agrees with auvtou/ (no place in sentence). “He saying these things, the slaves departed.” (awkward) “While he was saying these things, the slaves departed.” (Note: pres. part. translated past.) NOT: “Of the disciples saying…” or “Of saying the disciples…” 4.e;ti a`martwlw/n o;ntwn h`mw/n Cristo.j u`pe.r h`mw/n avpe,qanen) o;ntwn agrees with first h`mw/n (no place in sentence). “We still being sinners, Christ died for us.” (awkward) “While we were still sinners, Christ died for us.” (Note: pres. part. translated past.) NOT: “Of sinners being us” or “Of us being sinners…”