1. AP REVIEW SESSION FOUNDATIONS UNIT: 8,000 BCE – 600 CE

2. AP WORLD GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS
Be able to recognize and name the various regions of the world
In using the AP Time Periods, have a general understanding of what countries existed in the various regions

4. AP World Themes
Patterns and impacts or interaction among major societies: trade, war, diplomacy, and international organizations
The relationship of change and continuity across the world history periods covered in this course.
Impact of technology and demography on people and the environment (population growth and decline, disease, manufacturing, migrations, agriculture, weaponry).

5. Themes continued
Systems of social structure and gender structure (comparing major features within and among societies and assessing change).
Cultural and intellectual developments and interactions among and within societies.
Changes in functions and structures of states and in attitudes toward stat4es and political identities (political culture), including the emergence of the nation-state (types of political organization).

6. Habits of Mind First Category Constructing and evaluating arguments
Using docs & other primary data: developing the skills necessary to analyze p.o.v., context, bias, and to understand and interpret information
Developing the ability to assess issues of change and continuity over time
Enhancing the capacity to handle diversity of interpretations through analysis of context, bias, and frame of reference

7. Habits of Mind Second Category
Seeing global patterns over time and space while also acquiring the ability to connect local developments to global ones and to move through levels of generalizations from the global to the particular
Developing the ability to compare within and among societies, including comparing societies reactions to global processes
Developing the ability to assess claims of universal standards yet remaining aware of human commonalities and differences; putting culturally diverse ideas and values in historical context, not suspending judgment but developing understanding.

8. CHRONOLOGY OF THE COURSE
Foundations: 8,000 BCE CE
600 CE – 1450
1450 – 1750
1750 – 1914
1914 – the present
THESE ARE YOUR TIME “BREAKS”

9. FOUNDATIONS: 8,000 BCE – 600 CE Overview
What is civilization?
Time: periodization in early human history
Sources of change: connection/diffusion vs. independent invention?
Development of agriculture
Early Civilizations- culture, state, social structures of: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley (all in ch. 1), China (ch. 2), Mesoamerica / Andean South America (ch. 2)
Classical Civilizations- China (ch. 5), India (ch.6), Greece (ch.4), Rome (ch.5)
Major Belief Systems: Polytheism, Hinduism, Judaism, Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism, Christianity
Collapse of empires- Han, Rome
The Big Picture

10. WHAT IS CIVILIZATION?
Forms of complex social and cultural development characterized by innovative agric tech, demographic density, settled patterns of habitation in towns or cities, trade networks, hierarchical polit/soc systems and the spread of it all….
Spread of influence through trade and conquest

11. PERIODIZATION IN HUMAN HISTORY
Pre-8,000 BCE: Nomads
8,000 BCE—3,000 BCE: Neolithic or Agricultural Revolution
--move to settled agriculture b/c of cultivation of plants, domestication of animals
Early Civilizations: 3,000 BCE--
Classical Civilizations: differed by region, roughly 2,000 BCE (Mediterranean); 300—500 BCE (India and China)
Late Classical: 200 CE—600 CE, marked by collapse of great civilizations

12. DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Nomads: follow food & look for shelter
Foragers (Hu & Gath):
Small grps; tied to nature
Few possessions
Pastoral: domesticate animals; follow water/food for herds
SHIFT TO 
Agricultural Revolution (Neolithic)
Domesticate plants
Settled communities
Property ownership
Food surplus
Specialization
Complex, organized societies

13. MESOPOTAMIA “land b/t the rivers” Tigris & Euphrates
Sumer: 1st major Mes. Civ
Cuneiform writing- laws, soc/relig customs
Trade: spread cuneiform via wheel
Polytheistic, ziggurats
Babylon: Code of Hammurabi, justice, application of laws to everyone
*Diffusion of cultural heritage, relig, laws, customs, technology through time. Adoption and adaptation by conquering civilizations

15. ANCIENT EGYPT Social pyramid:
Nile Flooding
Pharaohs, hieroglyphics
Dependency on trade for timber & stone from building projects
Polytheistic- pyramids for the afterlife
1st Female ruler in history, Queen Hatshepsut: more rights than Mesopotamia, though subservient to men
Social pyramid:
Pharaoh-> priests-> nobles-> merchants/artisans-> peasants-> slaves
Expansion of empire: became vulnerable to invasion

16. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS
                                                                                               

17. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS 2500 BCE—1500 BCE
contact limited b/c of geography: Northwest India
Polytheistic
Aryan dominance: relig belief in reincarnation- foundation of Hinduism
Caste system combined w/ Hinduism
Rigid system, no social mobility

18. SHANG CHINA 1600—1100 BCE (remember the dynasty song?)
Yellow River valley
Trade-centered, though limited contact w/ outside world
Shaped ethnocentric worldview, center of the world
Spoked wheel, pottery and silk
Decimal system, calendar
Zhou Dynasty BCE
Mandate of Heaven
Feudal system: king, nobles to run the ctry
Bureaucracies

19. MESOAMERICA & ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICA
Olmec- Mexico; urban. Corn, beans, squash from irrigation techniques; polytheistic
Chavin- Andes Mtns; urban, sea access; metal tools and weapons
Key points:
developed independently of other civ during same time period
Not in river valleys

20. CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS: China, India, Greece, Rome
300 BCE—500 CE
Four empires of India and China:
Mauryan in India BCE
Gupta in India CE
Qin China 221—209 BCE
Han China 200 BCE-200 CE

21. India: The Mauryan Empire 321-180 BCE
Aryan culture and belief systems spread throughout India
Small Aryan kingdoms united by Chandragupta Maurya
His grandson, Ashoka greatest leader
Trade in silk, cotton, elephants; strong military
Ashoka converted to Buddhism– preached nonviolence
Conversion helped spread B’ism in India and SE Asia

22. The Gupta Dynasty in India 320-467 CE
Decentralized & smaller than Mauryan
Golden Age: relative peace & advances in art and sciences
Use of iron for tools and weaponry
Hinduism reasserts dominance, B’ism absorbed into it
Caste system and women:
Strict social structures
Loss of rights– couldn’t own prop, study relig, participate in sacred rituals
Child marriage at 6 or 7 yrs old

23. The Qin Dynasty in China 221—209 BCE
Strong agricultural economy
Powerful army w/ iron weapons
Conquered territories & unified region
Built Great Wall of China = organization, centralized, standardization of weights, writing. No dissent
Patriarchal
Legalism: tough, rigid laws; rewards & punishments; strong gov’t, unquestioned authority

24. HAN CHINA 200 BCE—200 CE
Wu Ti “warrior emperor”, enlarged empire to central Asia
Trade along Silk Road to Med. Sea; transmission of Buddhism and culture
Civil service system: highly educated gov’t w/ skilled workers
Exam: only wealthy could prepare, gov’t bureaucracy w/ stability
Invention of paper, calendars, use of metals

25. Greece 2000 BCE—336 BCE
Geography: ¾ mtns; peninsula in Aegean Sea; trade via sea, contact w/ Mediterranean peoples; cultural diffusion
Society: city-states (polis) independent
Religion: Greek Mythology, “humanized”
Athens: political, commercial, cultural center of G civ
Sparta: military, disciplined,

26. The Polis Three groups in polis: Citizens: adult males
Free people w/ no political rights
Noncitizens (slaves, 1/3 of people in Athens, no rights)
Civic decisions made through debate
Not a true democracy– only adult males
Existence of slavery allowed for Greeks to develop democracy

27. Golden Age of Athens and Alexander the Great
Persian Wars united all city-states, era of peace and prosperity under Pericles
Cultural center, democracy for all adult males
Delian League: alliance led by Athens
Philosophers: S->P->A rational thought, observation
Arts & science gains inspired later Euro Renaissance, Enlightenment
Athens defeated by Sparta in Peloponnesian War
Macedonians invade– Alex the Great expanded empire to India (Antigonid, Ptolemaic, Seleucid regions)
Hellenism: culture, ideals, and pattern of life of Classical Greece spread throughout Alex’s empire and remained

28. Rome 509 BCE--476 CE Geography: peninsula, crossroads of Med Sea
Social (Roman Republic): patricians- land-owning nobles; plebians- all other free men
Representative Republic: Senate (patrician families) & Assembly (patricians, then plebians); governed w/ two consuls
12 Tables: civil laws, “innocent until guilty”
Family: pater familias; women could own prop, though inferior
Slavery, 1/3 of pop at one time; came from conquered territory

29. Rome continued…
Military: able to conquer Carthage, control W. Med region
Republic to Empire:
Displacement of small farmers to cities
Inflation, plebians poor
1st Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, Caesar
Caesar: emperor for life
Augustus: Pax Romana
Growth of area and arts and sciences
Religon: Republic, paganism, (polytheist)
Christianity challenged Roman authority. Both Jews & Christians persecuted by Romans
Constantine converts 312 CE, official religion of Rome
Collapse: empire divided W & E by Diocletian; Constantine moved capital to Byzantium;

30. COLLAPSE OF EMPIRES: Han China & Rome
Internal: economic depression, social unrest, natural disasters
External: invading armies
China: internal collapse; military expenses; rich/poor tensions; famine
Rome: both! Empire divided, inflation, civil war; invasions by Visigoths, Huns

31. MAJOR BELIEF SYSTEMS Polytheism Confucianism Daoism Legalism Hinduism
Buddhism
Judaism
Christianity
What are the basic, overall principles of each?
What impact did each have on soc, polit, cultural, military developments?
Did it spread? Where and how? Conflict w/ other religions?

32. INTERREGIONAL NETWORKS OF TRADE AND RELIGIOUS DIFFUSIONCE
Silk Road: China to Rome; interactions along the way w/ settled, pastoral communities
Med. Sea trade
Culture, language, religion, goods, disease
Indian Ocean Trade Network

34. THE BIG PICTURE: Civilizations
Agriculture
Written language
Use of metals
Food surpluses, specialization
Period of peace and prosperity: no rivals, devotion to arts/sciences “golden age”
Collapse: internal/external pressures

35. SOURCES OF CHANGE: Connection/Diffusion vs. Independent invention
Cultural Diffusion: change in society b/c of interaction w/ another culture/society
Most common- trade & conquest
Use of wheel and iron
Independent invention: new invention or use of something in new way;
Innovation & adaptation: inventions spread, borrowed stuff adapted to own needs

36. HUMANS VS. NATURE Irrigation, canals, plowing
Development of civ: dealt w/ nature better, threats from other civilizations
Religion: from appeasing gods to internal peace, salvation

37. MAJOR COMPARISONS: knowledge of these will improve essays!!!
Compare major religious and philosophical systems in terms of social hierarchy (Hinduism contrasted w/ Confucianism
Role of women in diff’t belief systems
How and why the collapse of empire more severe in western Europe than in eastern Mediterranean and China

38. MAJOR COMPARSIONS con’t…
Compare caste system to other systems of social inequality in early and classical civilizations
Compare the development of traditions and institutions in major civilizations, e.g., Indian, Chinese, Greek
Describe interregional trading system, e.g., Indian Ocean trade