1. Industrial Hygiene What’s an Industrial Hygienist? SSO

2. A professional qualified by education, training and experience to anticipate, recognize, evaluate and develop controls for occupational health hazards and environmental issues.
Industrial Hygienist
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Industrial Hygiene 101

3. Not a Master…
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Industrial Hygiene 101

4. SSO
Industrial Hygiene 101

5. History…
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Industrial Hygiene 101

6. Industrial Hygienist
In the first century AD, Pliny the Elder, a Roman scholar, perceived health risks to those working with zinc and sulfur. He devised a face mask made from an animal bladder to protect workers from exposure to dust and lead fumes.
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Industrial Hygiene 101

7. Law Codes
Hammurabi
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Industrial Hygiene 101

8. LAW
If any harm follows, then you shall give life for life, 24eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, 25burn for burn, wound for wound, stripe for stripe. Ex 21:23-25
Anyone who kills an animal shall make restitution for it, life for life. 19Anyone who maims another shall suffer the same injury in return: 20fracture for fracture, eye for eye, tooth for tooth; the injury inflicted is the injury to be suffered. Lev 24: 18-24
lex talionis
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Industrial Hygiene 101

9. History…
In the second century AD, the Greek physician, Galen, accurately described the pathology of lead poisoning and also recognized the hazardous exposures of copper miners to acid mists.
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Industrial Hygiene 101

10. Wrote a pamphlet on occupational Diseases with the mining industry
Elrich Ellenbog
Wrote a pamphlet on occupational
Diseases with the mining industry
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Industrial Hygiene 101

11. Magna Carta Year Year: 1215 Lead to Bill of Rights
Some other clauses still used today!
Edward Coke interpreted Magna Carta to apply not only to the protection of nobles but to all subjects of the crown equally. He famously asserted: "Magna Carta is such a fellow, that he will have no sovereign."
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Industrial Hygiene 101

12. Magna Carta Year
Anti-corruption and fair trade (also in 1225 Charter)
Clauses 28 to 32 say that no royal officer may take any commodity such as corn, wood or transport without payment or consent or force a knight to pay for something the knight could do himself and that the king must return any lands confiscated from a felon within a year and a day.
Clause 25 sets out a list of standard measures and Clauses 41 and 42 guarantee the safety and right of entry and exit of foreign merchants.
Clause 45 says that the king should only appoint royal officers where they are suitable for the post.
Clause 46 provides for the guardianship of monasteries.
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Industrial Hygiene 101

13. Magna Carta Year 1215
Clause 24 states that crown officials (such as sheriffs) may not try a crime in place of a judge.
Clause 34 forbids repossession without a writ precipe. Clauses 36 to 38 state that writs for loss of life or limb are to be free, that someone may use reasonable force to secure their own land and that no one can be tried on their own testimony alone.
Edward Coke
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Industrial Hygiene 101

14. History…
In the Middle Ages, guilds worked at assisting sick workers and their families. In 1556 the German scholar, Agricola, advanced the science of industrial hygiene even further when, in his book De Re Metallica, he described the diseases of miners and prescribed preventive measures. The book included suggestions for mine ventilation and worker protection, discussed mining accidents, and described diseases associated with mining occupations such as silicosis.
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Industrial Hygiene 101

15. History Mysticisms vrs Reality
Late 1600’s it was believed that demons lived in the mines
Could be controlled with fasting and prayer!
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Industrial Hygiene 101

16. History…
Industrial hygiene gained further respectability in 1700 when Bernardo Ramazzini, known as the "father of industrial medicine," published in Italy the first comprehensive book on industrial medicine, De Morbis Artificum Diatriba (The Diseases of Workmen).
Same time frame as the Inquisition of Galileo (His works were banned at this time!)
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Industrial Hygiene 101

17. History…
Industrial hygiene received another major boost in 1743 when Ulrich Ellenborg published a pamphlet on occupational diseases and injuries among gold miners. Ellenborg also wrote about the toxicity of carbon monoxide, mercury, lead, and nitric acid.
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Industrial Hygiene 101

18. History…
In the early 20th century in the U. S., Dr. Alice Hamilton, led efforts to improve industrial hygiene. She observed industrial conditions first hand and startled mine owners, factory managers, and state officials with evidence that there was a correlation between worker illness and their exposure to toxins. She also presented definitive proposals for eliminating unhealthful working conditions. Reference: Exploring the Dangerous Trades
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Industrial Hygiene 101

19. Child Labor Law
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Industrial Hygiene 101

20. Laws that Changed
In 1916 Congress made its first effort to control child labour by passing the Keating-Owen Act. The legislation forbade the transportation among states of products of factories, shops or canneries employing children under 14 years of age, of mines employing children under 16 years of age, and the products of any of these employing children under 16 who worked at night or more than eight hours a day. In 1918 the Supreme Court ruled that the Keating-Owen Act was unconstitutional.
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Industrial Hygiene 101

21. History 1966 Safety and Health - A manager’s prerogative SSO
Industrial Hygiene 101

22. Values…
$208,000
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Industrial Hygiene 101

23. Federal Regulations December 9, 1970 OSHA
Each employer shall furnish to each employee a place of employment which is free of recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious harm to their employees
Each employer shall comply with the occupational safety and heath standards under the Act.
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Industrial Hygiene 101

24. How do IH's Recognize and Control Hazards
How do IH's Recognize and Control Hazards? Industrial hygienists recognize that engineering, work practice, and administrative controls are the primary means of reducing employee exposure to occupational hazards. Engineering controls minimize employee exposure by either reducing or removing the hazard at the source or isolating the worker from the hazards. Engineering controls include eliminating toxic chemicals. Work practice controls alter the manner in which a task is performed.
(1) following proper procedures that minimize exposures
(2) inspecting and maintaining process and control equipment on a regular basis;
(3) implementing good house-keeping procedures;
(4) providing good supervision and
(5) mandating that eating, drinking, smoking, chewing tobacco or gum, and applying cosmetics in regulated areas be prohibited. Administrative controls include controlling employees' exposure by scheduling production and workers' tasks, or both, in ways that minimize exposure levels. For example, the employer might schedule operations with the highest exposure potential during periods when the fewest employees are present.
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Industrial Hygiene 101

25. History…
The U.S. Congress has passed three landmark pieces of legislation relating to safeguarding workers' health:
(1) the Metal and Nonmetallic Mines Safety Act of 1966,
(2) the Federal Coal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1969, and
(3) the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (Act).
Today, nearly every employer is required to implement the elements of an industrial hygiene and safety, occupational health, or hazard communication program and to be responsive to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Act and its regulations.
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Industrial Hygiene 101

26. SSO
Industrial Hygiene 101

27. Industrial Hygiene
What is it?
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Industrial Hygiene 101

28. Definition
“The science and art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of factors and stresses (arising in or from the workplaces), which may cause sickness, impaired health and well being or significant discomfort, and inefficiency among workers or among the citizens of a community” - ACGIH
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Industrial Hygiene 101

29. The science devoted to recognition (or identification), evaluation and control of hazards arising in or from the workplace, which could impair the health and well being of people at work, while also taking into account the possible impacts on the general environment - BIOH
“Detection and Assessment of Occupational Hazards”
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Industrial Hygiene 101

30. Industrial Hygienist
The person having a college or university degree or degrees in engineering, chemistry, physics, health physics, nursing, medicine, or related field, by virtue of special studies, training, experience, and/or certification has acquired competence in IH.
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Industrial Hygiene 101

31. Scope of OH Anticipation Recognition Evaluation Control SSO
Industrial Hygiene 101

32. SSO
Industrial Hygiene 101

33. Anticipation What is Anticipation? Design of process, equipment
Future legislation/regulations
Research
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Industrial Hygiene 101

34. Recognition Raw materials, by-product, products Process and operations
Records of accidents and diseases
Walk around – senses, talk to workers, etc
Grab samples
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Industrial Hygiene 101

35. Evaluation Purpose – not losing focus. Sampling technique and strategy
Instrumentation (Real time & non Rt)
Standard, regulations etc
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Industrial Hygiene 101

36. Evaluation
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Industrial Hygiene 101

37. Control Principle of control measures Hierarchy of control measures
ALARA
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38. SSO
Industrial Hygiene 101

39. Benefits of IH Program Improve health and hygiene Reduce compensation
Improve job satisfaction
Reduce absenteeism
Improve productivity
Improve workers’ attitude towards management
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Industrial Hygiene 101

40. SSO
Industrial Hygiene 101

41. Objectives
To create awareness among employers and workers on the importance of OH practices in industry to preserve and protect the health of workers from being affected by hazards in the working environment.
To investigate the effect of specific hazard on the health of workers so that the short and long term measures can be taken to control the hazard
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Industrial Hygiene 101

42. Activities Occupational Hygiene Inspection
Monitoring of occupational hazards
Biological monitoring
Enforcement
Investigation of complaints / accidents
Training
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Industrial Hygiene 101

43. Statistics
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Industrial Hygiene 101

44. Industrial Hygiene Monitoring
Monitoring of occupational hazards
Chemical
Biological
Physical
Ergonomic/mechanical
Psychosocial
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Industrial Hygiene 101

45. Biological Monitoring
Blood – Pb, Hg, Cd etc
Lung Function Test
HCP
Textile workers
mill workers
Timber processing workers
Audiometric testing
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Industrial Hygiene 101

46. Environmental Factors
Chemical Hazards
Physical Hazards
radiation, pressure
noise, vibration, temperature
Ergonomic Hazards
Biological Hazards
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Industrial Hygiene 101

47. Chemical Hazards The majority of OHS are chemical
MSDS (required by OSHA)
The right to know act
Proper labeling
Hazards when machining / melting etc.
How exposure effects the body
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Industrial Hygiene 101

48. Solvents Very commonly used How do solvents enter the body?
Effect from physical contact
Acute effects versus chronic effects
Air displacement issues
Flammability and flash point
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Industrial Hygiene 101

49. Toxicity Toxicity is not synonymous with hazard.
Toxicity is the ability of a material to do harm when it reaches a certain concentration.
Hazard is the probability that this contamination will occur assessing hazard is covered in chapter 6
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Industrial Hygiene 101

50. Physical Hazards Noise Risk Criteria Permissible levels Temperature
Psychological Effects
Interference with communication
Physiological effects
Risk Criteria
Permissible levels
(85 dBA requires a hearing protection plan)
Temperature
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Industrial Hygiene 101

51. Ionizing Radiation What is ionizing radiation?
How does it effect the body
What are the sources of ionizing radiation?
Internal versus external hazards
Measuring radiation
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Industrial Hygiene 101

52. Non-Ionizing Radiation
Definition
Low frequency (microwaves, radio waves)
Infrared (thermal radiation / blackbody)
Visible light
Well lit but not over lit
60 cycle flicker
Effects on the eyes and lasers energy output
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Industrial Hygiene 101

53. Extremes of pressure Effects on gas absorption in the blood
Effects on thermal coefficient of the atmosphere
Effects on partial pressure of atmosphere components
Teeth / ears / eyes / bowels etc.
Effects of low pressure
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Industrial Hygiene 101

54. Ergonomic Hazards Repetitive motion disorders
Injury rate (guards and shields)
Body stress
back
neck
eyes
Workplace design
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Industrial Hygiene 101

55. Biological Hazards Bacterial Viral Engineered Bugs and snakes etc.
Allergens
The water fountain
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Industrial Hygiene 101

56. Routs of Entry Inhalation (area of lungs) Absorption Ingestion SSO
Industrial Hygiene 101

57. Airborne Contaminates
Dusts ( um)
smaller than 5um tend to be the problem
Fumes (less than 1um)
made from condensed volatilized solids
Smoke (<0.1 um)
Aerosols
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Industrial Hygiene 101

58. Airborne Contaminates
Mists
Suspended liquid droplets
Gases
Vapors
volatile forms of substances which are normally in a solid or liquid form at this temperature
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Industrial Hygiene 101

59. Hazards of Airborne Contaminates
Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)
Reviewed and updated annually
TLV-TWA (Time Weighted Average)
TLV-STEL (Short Term Exposure Limit)
TLV-C (Ceiling)
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Industrial Hygiene 101

61. Break!
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62. Toxicology
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63. Dose Makes the Poison -Paracelsus
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64. Toxicology Anything is a poison – The dose makes a poison SSO
Industrial Hygiene 101

65. Toxicology Basic Terms: Lethal Dose (LD) Lethal Concentration (LC)
Effective Dose (ED)
Concentration
Route of Entry
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Industrial Hygiene 101

66. Everything is a poison? All are toxic to some quantifiable degree
Sugar has an LD50 of 30,000 mg/kg
The foresters favorite – ethanol has an LD50 of only 13,700 mg/kg
Even water has a recognized LD50 of slightly greater than 80,000 mg/kg
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Industrial Hygiene 101

67. SSO
Industrial Hygiene 101

68. Toxicology
Lethal Dose (LD50) - The dose necessary to kill 50% of the population
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69. Toxicology
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70. Yes, because of metabolism
Toxicology
Variance between People?
Gender differences?
Background?
Yes, because of metabolism
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Industrial Hygiene 101

71. Toxicology The route can make all the difference SSO
Industrial Hygiene 101

72. Routes of Entry Inhalation (area of lungs) Absorption (intact skin)
Eyes
Ingestion/Injection
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73. Exposure – Skin?
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74. Airborne Contaminates
Dusts ( um)
smaller than 5um tend to be the problem
Fumes (less than 1um)
made from condensed volatilized solids
Smoke (<0.1 um)
Aerosols
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Industrial Hygiene 101

75. Russian Coal Workers
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76. Airborne Contaminates
Mists
Suspended liquid droplets
Gases
Vapors
volatile forms of substances which are normally in a solid or liquid form at this temperature
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Industrial Hygiene 101

77. LIMITS and Terms Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)
Reviewed and updated annually
TLV-TWA (Time Weighted Average)
TLV-STEL (Short Term Exposure Limit)
TLV-C (Ceiling)
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Industrial Hygiene 101

78. Dose Response Curves
Dose
response
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79. Non-Threshold
Dose
Response
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80. Threshold Response Dose No observed Response SSO
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81. Comparison of Dose
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82. Comparing
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83. Toxicology Acute - Immediate Effect from Exposure
Chronic – Long term effect from exposure
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84. LD50
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85. Effective Dose
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86. No Observed Adverse Effect
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87. Dose Response
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88. Metabolism Bioactivation Detoxification Metabolites SSO
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89. Tox Models One Compartment Model – Elimination BODY VOLUME SSO
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90. Toxicology Additive: 2+3=5 (2 OPs - cholinesterase inhibition)
Synergistic: 2+2=20 (CCl4 + EtOH)
Potentiation: 0+2=10 (isopropanol + CCl4)
Antagonism: 4+6=8; 4+0=1
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Industrial Hygiene 101

91. Distribution
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92. Differences…
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93. Toxicology
Buildup -
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94. Which is more toxic? Class Activity A Response B Dose SSO
Industrial Hygiene 101

95. Break!
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96. Toxicology 2
Details…
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97. Toxicology 100 Beneficial Effects Curve Safety margin Effects % TD 50
ED50
Toxic Effects
Curve
Dose
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98. Concerns with Tox Data Sample Size Control Groups
Characteristics of the groups
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Industrial Hygiene 101

99. Nature of Data 3 to 4 animals - Accuracy? Length of study
0.01% response – humans to animals?
Organs to man
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Industrial Hygiene 101

100. Nature… Control Groups Group not exposed to chemical
Permit proper interpretation
Confounding variables
Smoking, age, drinking
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Industrial Hygiene 101

101. Nature… Characteristics Fischer Rats - high spontaneous tumor rate
Closely controlled
Exact chemical
Dose concentration
Length of exposure
Compare to human exposure – accidents, suicides, case reports
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Industrial Hygiene 101

102. Environmental and Occupational Disease
False Positives
False Negatives
Errors in Extrapolation
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Industrial Hygiene 101

103. Environment vrs Occupational
Appearance of Disease
Population with common exposure
Clusters
Unusual or uncommon disease patterns
Symptoms or disease occurring in workers
Appearance or disappearances of disease
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Industrial Hygiene 101

104. Environment Vrs Occupational
Examples
Agricultural workers with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, lacrimation- pesticide
Painter with weakness, headache, abdominal pain – volatile solvents
Employee at plastics manufacture – TDI
Truck mechanic with headaches, flushing of the face – CO or Trichloroethane
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Industrial Hygiene 101

105. Class Practical
A group of 25 individuals suddenly show leukemia in Albuquerque…
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106. Practical
You’re assumption?
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107. Practical: Further research reveals:
Each of them worked at Kirtland for a period of time 10 years ago.
Conclusions?
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Industrial Hygiene 101

108. Disposition of Chemicals
Does exposure to chemicals result in Toxicity?
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Industrial Hygiene 101

109. Disposition Absorption Distribution Biotransformation Elimination
See Figure 2.3, page 25
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Industrial Hygiene 101

110. Disposition Where does the chemical stay? Figure 2.4, page 26. SSO
Industrial Hygiene 101

111. Skin Notation What Chemicals Have Skin notations? What does it mean?
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Industrial Hygiene 101

112. General Rule- If substances are attracted to fats rather than water,
Readily absorbed through the skin
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Industrial Hygiene 101

113. Step 2 Transport Bond to Blood Dissolved
Reaching the Target Organ – the effect
Waiting in storage
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Industrial Hygiene 101

114. Biotransformation Metabolism: Oxidation Reduction Hydrolysis SSO
Industrial Hygiene 101

115. Elimination of Chemicals
Major Routes
Biliary (liver and Renal)
Feces
Exhaled
Milk, Sweat, saliva, hair, nails
So what do we monitor? BEIs.
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Industrial Hygiene 101

116. Targets: Lungs Respiratory Circulatory Brain Kidneys Liver
Immune System
Nervous System
Reproductive
Teratogenesis
Embryogenesis
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117. Chemical Exposure
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118. Clusters
Increase in apparent disease
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119. Clusters
Cluster events are groupings of a particular disorder or a class of disorders that appear unusually frequent in a place.
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120. Clusters: High Power Lines and Cancer Cell phones and cancer
Public Perception
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Industrial Hygiene 101

121. Toxicological Testing
Method – test organisms
Keeping Up ,000 chemicals
Transmitting the data
What is done? Who decides?
CDC and Cr+6
Discuss the 80,000 chemicals that have no tox data.
Time to process E. coli test (Ames Test) 5 –10 years.
New hexavalent chromates work. Lawsuits and appeals so OSHA moved on debate.
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Industrial Hygiene 101

122. Translating to TLVs Methods Further discussion in the section on TLVs
Application
Time – 2 years on TLV list, years in study
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123. Activity: You’re the Committee
3 Groups of 3
Find the TLV.
Handout
Determine a TLV.
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124. Industrial Hygiene Industrial Hygiene From Many Disciplines
Toxicology
Physiology
Physics
Long History
AREC
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125. Questions?
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Industrial Hygiene 101