1. WORKSHOP OVERVIEW 1. MAJOR TROPICAL LAND MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS RELATED TO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES 2 (i). BEST METHODS (POLICY, TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES) TO ENHANCE ECOLOGICALLY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 2 (ii). MAJOR SOCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS THAT LIMIT THE APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE

2. TOPIC 1. MAJOR TROPICAL LAND MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS RELATED TO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Generic problem Being able to predict where hydrological impacts of land use changes matter to key stakeholders. Key elements of the problem Biophysical Managing the impact of LU and forest change (aff- and de-) to ensure adequate dry season flows. Lack of hydrological knowledge of the functioning of cloud forests. Lack of hydrological knowledge of the functioning of riparian zones (incl quantification of benefits). Defining the impacts of LU change on groundwater recharge and quality management.

3. TOPIC 1. MAJOR TROPICAL LAND MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS RELATED TO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES (cont.) Determining the impact of large scale forest fires. Inadequate understanding of response times between LU activities and sediment production and transfer. Lack of knowledge of water use efficiency of different trees and crops. Lack of performance indicators for assessing the condition and quality of catchment outputs and ecosystem health. Inadequate techniques to account for cumulative watershed impacts at different levels from headwater catchments to meso and macro scale basins (relevant to planning and management units). Inadequate understanding of hydrogeomorphic processes that prevent planners from identifying critical catchments and catchment areas where LU change is likely to lead to adverse WS impacts.

4. TOPIC 1. MAJOR TROPICAL LAND MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS RELATED TO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES (cont.) Economic Inadequate understanding of downstream costs and benefits of particular LU activities. Inadequate mechanisms for equitable sharing of costs and benefits. Conflicting perceptions about the cost effectiveness of RIL. Institutional Inadequate understanding of social and institutional drivers leading to degradation of hydrological functions, eg. poverty, tenure. Lack of application of existing knowledge to improve the soil and water management associated with forest LU activities. Inadequate methodologies for the classification of forested watersheds to identify where watershed changes may limit forest growth, food production or other in situ or downstream activities.

5. TOPIC 1. MAJOR TROPICAL LAND MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS RELATED TO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES (cont.) Inadequate institutional structures, procedures and experience to ensure effective stakeholder involvement in watershed planning and management (including monitoring). Lack of standardised approaches to data collection (in both traditional and emerging areas such as remote sensing) and data archiving and management (including methodology, institutional commitment and resources). Policy Inadequate understanding of generalised responses to LU changes. Lack of (or inability to do) scenario forecasting (where it matters). Inability to formulate effective policy due to imprecise knowledge and high levels of scientific uncertainty. Lack of institutional mechanisms to communicate with different policy audiences.

6. TOPIC 2(i). BEST METHODS (POLICY, TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES) TO ENHANCE ECOLOGICALLY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Policy Develop pluralistic planning frameworks to ensure transparency and equity by involving key stakeholders in planning, resource allocation and resource management. Develop strategic alliances at different levels between the scientific community and policy makers, resource managers and key advocacy groups such as NGOs and land holders--HELP, local watershed councils, etc. Create improved incentive structures so that polluters internalise the costs that result from their actions, downstream users pay the full cost of the watershed benefits they receive, and catchment landholders/managers are recompensed for the environmental services they provide.

7. TOPIC 2(i). BEST METHODS (POLICY, TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES) TO ENHANCE ECOLOGICALLY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (cont.) Tools and techniques Develop catchment classification/typologies to enable spatial pattern analysis that can help interested parties understand the future consequences of today’s decisions, including identification of critical catchment areas and key linkages between watershed condition and public health. Use available stakeholder analysis techniques and participatory management tool kits to guide watershed planning and management. Develop performance indicators to assess the condition and quality of catchment outputs, ecosystem health and the adequacy of management practices.

8. TOPIC 2(i). BEST METHODS (POLICY, TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES) TO ENHANCE ECOLOGICALLY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (cont.) Develop interdisciplinary, client orientated systems research strategies to support adaptive management and close information gaps in key problem areas such as managing dry season flows, understanding the functioning of cloud forests, riparian zones and the water use efficiency of different trees and crops. Develop effective decision support systems (and extension services)so that interested parties (at all levels) have access to contemporary research results and soundly based best-practice guidelines. Establish and maintain a strategic network of research and demonstration watersheds to ensure the availability of reliable long-term reference data that will allow the testing and use of new methods, and the demonstration and validation of best practice.

9. TOPIC 2(i). BEST METHODS (POLICY, TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES) TO ENHANCE ECOLOGICALLY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (cont.) Extend strategic alliances to support interdisciplinary education and capacity building in watershed management and research. Priority should be given to knowledge management to overcome language barriers that currently inhibit information sharing in tropical developing countries. Ensure that technological innovations, such as improvement in rainfall forecasting using remote sensing, are available to practitioners in developing countries with training, maintenance and quality assurance support.

10. TOPIC 2(ii). MAJOR SOCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS THAT LIMIT THE APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE Institutional and disciplinary barriers to communication, development of shared understandings and collaboration. Inadequate transparency and lack of opportunities for multi- stakeholder dialogue and collaboration. The disjunct between natural watershed boundaries and administrative, tenurial and political boundaries. The inaccessibility and/or unavailability of best-practice knowledge to policy makers and resource managers. Language barriers (most information is in English and not well known in other language areas). Human capacity in management, research, extension and education due to inadequate training, lack of a critical culture and opportunities for transfer of new and existing knowledge.

11. TOPIC 2(ii). MAJOR SOCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS THAT LIMIT THE APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE (cont) Inappropriate governance and corruption by vested interests. Lack of, or inappropriate incentives, particularly for poor stakeholders with insecure livelihoods.