1. Biological and social motives

2. Biological Motivation and Homeostasis: Biological motives are called as physiological motives. These motives are essential for the survival of the organism. Such motives are triggered when there is imbalancement in the body. The body always tends to maintain a state of equilibrium called “Homeostasis”- in many of its internal physiological processes. I) Physiological Motives: a. Hunger motive: We eat to live. The food we take is digested and nutritional substances are absorbed. b. Thirst motive: In our daily life regularly we take fluids in the form of water and other beverages. These fluids are essential for our body tissues for normal functioning.

3. c. Need for oxygen: Our body needs oxygen continuously. We get it through continuous respiration. Oxygen is necessary for the purification of blood. d. Motive for regulation of body temperature: Maintenance of normal body temperature (98.6°F or 37.0°C) is necessary. Rise or fall in the body temperature causes many problems. e. Need for sleep: Sleep is an essential process for normal functioning of body and mind. f. Need for avoidance of pain: No organism can continue to bear pain. Whenever we experience pain we try to avoid it.

4. Cont..... Drive for elimination of waste:-Our body cannot bear anything excess or anything waste.. Sex motive:-This is a biological motive, arises in the organism as a result of secretion of sex hormones-like androgens and estrogens. Maternal drive: This is an instinct or an inborn tendency. Every normal woman aspires to become a mother.

5. II) Social Motives: Physiological motives discussed above pertain to both animals as well as human beings, but the social motives are specific only to human beings. These are called social motives, because they are learnt in social groups as a result of interaction with the family and society. a. Achievement motive:-Achievement motivation refers to a desire to achieve some goal. b. Aggressive motive:-It is a motive to react aggressively when faced frustrations. c. Power motive:-People with power motive will be concerned with having an impact on others.

6. Cont... d. Acquisitive motive:-This motive directs the individual for the acquisition of material property. e. Curiosity motive:-This is otherwise called stimulus and exploration motive.. Gregariousness:-This is also known as affiliation need. Gregariousness is a tendency to associate oneself with other members of the group or same species.

7. III) Personal Motives: In addition to the above said physiological and social motives, there are some other motives which are allied with both of the above said motives. These are highly personalized and very much individualized motives. The most important among them are:. Force of habits:-We see different people having formed different habits like chewing tobacco, smoking, alcohol consumption. b

8. Cont... b. Goals of life:-Every normal individual will have some goals in the life.. Levels of aspirations:-Aspiration is aspiring to achieve or to get something or a goal. d. Attitudes and interests:-Our attitudes and interests determine our motivation. These are specific to individual. For example, a person within the family, may have positive attitude towards family planning and all others having negative attitudes. Unconscious motivation:-Sigmund Freud, the famous psychologist has explained elaborately about unconscious motivation.

9. Uses Understanding motivation can: Help improve the efficiency of people as they work toward goals Help people take action Encourage people to engage in health-oriented behaviours Help people avoid unhealthy or maladaptive behaviours such as risk-taking and addiction Help people feel more in control of their lives Improve overall well-being and happiness

10. Importance of Motivation: 1. High Performance:-Motivated employees will put maximum efforts for achieving organisational goals. 2. Low Employee Turnover and Absenteeism:- When the employees are not satisfied with their job then they will leave it whenever they get an alternative offer

11. Cont... 5. Acceptability to Change: The changing social and industrial situations will require changes and improvements in the working of enterprises. There will be a need to introduce new and better methods of work from time to time.

12. Motivation emotion Conflicts of Motives- DEFINITION - In psychology, “A conflict is the anticipated frustration entailed in the choice of either alternative.” Coleman.

13. Introduction The conflict that occurs within an individual and is affected by his motives is dubbed as Conflicts of Motives. This form of conflict occurs in an intrapersonal level. Even if the concept is new to you, the phenomenon however is natural and occurs in everyone. We, as human beings, are often stuck and confused about whether or not performing certain actions.

14. Cont... The organism is then conflicted between two opposite motives. The conflict doesn’t always occur between two opposing motives, and one may also feel torn between two different pleasures. Another circumstance may be that the individual is forced to choose between two pains. This is usually the toughest conflict where a logical person always chooses a lesser evil.

15. Definition A conflict is the anticipated frustration entailed in the choice of either alternative.” – Coleman.

17. Approach-Avoidance Conflict

20. The type of conflict, in which, a person is both attracted and repulsed by the results of same stimulus or situation. For example, a man wants to marry for sexual gratification, but he denies to holding social responsibilities. It involves strong tendencies both to approach and to avoid the same goal.

22. Approach-Avoidance Conflict also has another aspect to it, which is termed as Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict.

23. The term explains the same thing as the Approach- Avoidance Conflict, with only difference being in the number of valences. For example, a girl is to be married. She is looking forward to the marriage because of the positive valences like security, affection, etc. However, she has second thoughts because she will lose her job, salary, independency, which is the negative valences repellent to her, as it builds up tension in her. Similar situations can be pretty confusing, and normally, in these situations, an individual is most likely to make a decision by weighing the valences. Approach-Avoidance Conflict also has another aspect to it, which is termed as Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict -

24. Approach-Approach Conflict

25. As the term suggest, a person is motivated to make two different approaches. The organism is forced to choose between two different desirable stimuli. In simple terms, this means choosing between two desirable goals, when only one among the two is available. For example, an individual is invited at two different parties and both of them are equally tempting, but he cannot make up his mind about which party to attend.

26. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

27. Putting it in a more general term, this conflict leads to choosing “the lesser of two evils”. This situation is continuously occurring in life, similar to the above two. For example, we may have to choose between finishing a job we intensely dislike or quitting and being called a failure. Although problems are momentarily solved, these situations often lead to stress and frustrations, causing a mental imbalance, and demand our action to restore the balance.

29. Concept of Frustration Frustration is a negative behaviour which arises when a motivated drive is blocked due to various reasons. It is one of the causes of stress. When a motivated drive is constrained by obstacles or barriers before it reaches the desired goal, the situation is called employee frustration.