1. New Monarchs and Expansion in the 16th Century
Unit 1.3
Painting: Gergio Delucio, no date public domain

2. I. New Monarchs (c ) A. Consolidated power and created the foundation for Europe’s first modern nation-states in France, England, & Spain 1. Trend had started in the Middle Ages 2. Yet, “new monarchs” never achieved absolute power; absolutism not fully developed until mid-late 17th century 3. Were not nation-states in the modern sense as populations did not see themselves a as a nation

3. B. Characteristics of New Monarchs 1
B. Characteristics of New Monarchs 1. Reduced power of the nobility through taxation, confiscation of lands, and hiring of mercenary armies or creation of standing armies -- Advent of gunpowder increased vulnerability of noble armies and their knights -- Nobles received titles and offices for their support 2. Reduced the political power of the clergy

4. 3. Created more efficient bureaucracies -- Enabled New Monarchs to begin centralizing control of their realms 4. Increased political influence of the middle-class a. Brought in revenue for the Crown b. More so in France than in Spain 5. Increased the national debt by taking out loans from merchant-bankers

5. Opposition to monarchial power
1. The nobility resented decline in political influence
2. The clergy saw the pope as their leader, not the monarch
3. Independent towns resisted more centralized control

6. D. France 1. Recovery after the 100 Years’ War a
D. France 1. Recovery after the 100 Years’ War a. England was expelled from France b. Defeat of the duchy of Burgundy in 1477 removed the threat of a new state
Wikipedia Commons

7. 2. Rise of the Valois line of monarchs
a. Louis XI ( ) “Spider King”
Created large royal army
Increased taxes
Exerted power over the clergy
Promoted economic growth
Wikipedia Commons

8. -- Major blow to papal authority in France
b. Francis I ( )
Concordat of Bologna, 1516: gave French king the power to appoint bishops to the French (Gallican) Church
-- Major blow to papal authority in France
Taille: direct head tax on all land and property
Louvre Museum, Paris public domain
Francis I
Jean Coulet, c

9. The Battle of Tewkesbury, 1471
E. England 1. War of the Roses ( ) a. House of Lancaster vs. House of York b. Results: York victory resulted in the rise of the Tudor Dynasty
The Battle of Tewkesbury, 1471

10. 2. Henry VII (r )
a. Star Chamber: secret trials that reduced the power of the nobility b. Placed restrictions on private armies c. Parliament grew in power -- King could not tax without the consent of Parliament
National Portrait Gallery, London, artist (unknown) Wikipedia Commons

11. 3. Henry VIII (r )
a. Broke away from the Catholic church in 1534 and established the Church of England (Anglican Church) with the king as its head b. Oversaw the creation of a strong bureaucracy that significantly enhanced the power of the king
Hans Holbein the Younger, Wikipedia Commons

12. Ferdinand and Isabella, Wedding Portrait, 1469
D. Spain 1. Ferdinand of Aragon ( ) and Isabella of Castile ( ) unified Spain
Wikipedia Commons author (unknown)
Ferdinand and Isabella, Wedding Portrait, 1469

13. , Reconquista:
a. Moors and Jews removed from Spain (except those willing to convert to Christianity)
-- Surrender of Granada: last stronghold for Muslim Moors
b. Loss of Jews and Moors resulted in the significant decline in the middle class

14. The Christianization and Unification of Spain
Source: McKay, 5th ed.

15. 3. Hermandades: Alliances of cities to oppose nobles
-- Helped bring cities under royal authority
4. Spanish inquisition: conceived by Isabella
a. Monarchy enforced the authority of the national church
b. Overseen by Tomás de Torquemada
c. Targeted conversos (Jews who had converted to Christianity but who were suspected of practicing Judaism)
d. Reformed the church in Spain

16. G. Hapsburg Empire (Holy Roman Empire) 1
G. Hapsburg Empire (Holy Roman Empire) 1. Consisted of 300 semi-autonomous German States 2. HRE was not a “new monarchy”
Wikipedia Commons
Banner of the HRE after 1400

17. Holy Roman Empire, 1648
Silverhelm is the author of this image file. Its contents are based in part on a map published in the "Historical Atlas" by Prof. William R Shepherd, pub. Henry Holt & Co. (New York, 1911).

18. Portrait by Albrecht Dürer, 1518
3. Maximilian I ( ) a. Marriage to Mary of Burgundy gained the HRE territory in eastern France -- Sparked a dynastic struggle between the Valois in France and the Hapsburgs
Wikipedia Commons
Portrait by Albrecht Dürer, 1518

19. Portrait by Bernaert van Orley, 1519-20
4. Charles V (r ): most powerful ruler in 16th-century Europe a. Inherited the Spanish and Austrian thrones from his grandparents b. His armies sacked Rome in 1527
Right photo: unknown artist
Portrait by Bernaert van Orley,
Portrait by Unknown, c.1530

20. c. Hapsburg-Valois Wars (c
c. Hapsburg-Valois Wars (c ): locked in a dynastic struggle with Francis I d. Sought to stop the spread of the Protestant Reformation
Portrait by Titian, c
Portrait by Titian, 1548

21. The European Empire of Charles V
Wikipedia Commons
Colored regions represent Charles’ possessions

22. II. Commercial Revolution (ca. 1500-1700) A. Causes: 1
II. Commercial Revolution (ca ) A. Causes: 1. Roots in the Middle Ages --Hanseatic League
H.F. Helmolt, History of the World, Volume VII, Dodd Mead Plate between pages 28 and 29. Public domain. Wikipedia Commons

23. 2. Population growth: 70 million in 1500; 90 million in1600

24. 3. “price revolution”: a. Long, slow upward trend; increased food prices, increased volume of money, influx of gold & silver b. Led to increased supply of goods
Source: unknown

25. 4. Economic competition among states 5
4. Economic competition among states 5. Rise of capitalism; entrepreneurs -- The middle class (bourgeoisie) led the way

26. B. Features 1. Banking: a. Fuggers in Germany and Medicis in Italy were among leading bankers in Europe -- Funded countless economic activities b. Antwerp in Flanders: banking and commercial center of Europe in the 16th century c. Amsterdam became the leader in the 17th century

27. 2. Hanseatic League evolved from within the German states in the Middle Ages that eventually controlled trade in much of northern Europe well into the 16th century. 3. Chartered companies: state provided monopolies in certain areas (BEIC, DEIC) 4. Joint-stock companies: investors pooled resources for common purpose (forerunner of the modern corporation)

28. 5. Stock markets: e. g. , Bourse in Antwerp 6
5. Stock markets: e.g., Bourse in Antwerp 6. First Enclosure movement in England: improved sheep herding for increased supply of wool 7. “Putting-out” Industry emerged in the countryside for the production of cloth 8. New industries: cloth production, mining, printing, book trade, shipbuilding, cannons and muskets 9. Consumer goods: sugar, rice, and tea

29. 10. Mercantilism: nations sought a self- sufficient economy a
10. Mercantilism: nations sought a self- sufficient economy a. Goal: nations sought economic self- sufficiency b. Strategy: create a favorable balance of trade where one’s country exported more than it imported c. Bullionism: countries sought to acquire as much gold and silver as possible

30. C. Significance:
1. Transition from rural society to an increase in towns
2. Enabled the emergence of more powerful nation states
3. Spurred age of discovery & exploration as nations sought to create new empires overseas

31. 4. The “Price Revolution”
a. Prices during the 16th century rose gradually
b. Rising population of Europe increased demand for goods, thus increasing prices
c. Influx of gold and silver from the New World was a factor (but not the major factor)
d. Inflation stimulated production

32. e. Bourgeoisie acquired much of their
e. Bourgeoisie acquired much of their wealth from trade and manufacturing
f. Peasant farmers benefited when surplus yields could be turned into cash crops
g. Nobility suffered reduced standard of living as their income was fixed

33. 5. The bourgeoisie grew in political and economic significance
a. First evident in Italian city-states during the Renaissance.
b. Became the most powerful class in the Netherlands
c. In France, grew in power at the expense of the nobility
d. Exerted increased influence in English politics
6. Increased standard of living especially among the upper and middle classes

34. III. Age of Exploration and Conquest
A. Causes for exploration
1. “God, glory, and gold” were the primary motives
2. Christian crusaders in 11th & 14th centuries created European interest in Asia and the Middle East
3. Rise of nation states resulted in competition for empire and trade
-- Portugal and Spain sought to break the Italian monopoly on trade with Asia

35. 4. Impact of the Renaissance: search for knowledge a
4. Impact of the Renaissance: search for knowledge a. Revival of Platonic studies, especially mathematics b. Awareness of living “at the dawn of a new age” c. Invention of printed book: publication and circulation of accurate texts and maps

36. 5. Cartography a. Martin Behaim: terrestrial globe, 1492
Wikipedia Commons
Behaim’s version of the ocean between Asia (left) and Europe and Africa (right)

37. How is Waldseemuller’s map different from the Behaim map?
b. Waldseemuller’s world map (1507)
Library of Congress
How is Waldseemuller’s map different from the Behaim map?
“America” is shown on the left of the map. It is the first map to identify the continent.

38. By 1569, both North and South America are prominent on the world map.
c. Mercator’s map (1569)
Wikipedia Commons
By 1569, both North and South America are prominent on the world map.

39. 6. Technological advances a
6. Technological advances a. Advances in astronomy helped in charting locations at sea b. Instruments -- Magnetic compass (ca. 1300) -- Geometric quadrant (ca. 1460) -- Mariner’s astrolabe (ca. 1480) -- Cross staff (ca. 1550)
Geometric Quadrant: courtesy of the University of Oregon; Mariner’s astrolabe: Wikipedia Commons; Cross-staff: Wikipedia Commons

40. c. Ships -- Portuguese caravel (ca
c. Ships -- Portuguese caravel (ca. 1450) -- Lateen sail and rope riggings -- Axial rudder (side rudder) -- Gunpowder and cannons
Wikipedia Commons: lateen image—Xavier Romero-Frias

41. 7. Commercial revolution resulted in
7. Commercial revolution resulted in capitalist investments in overseas exploration
8. Religious desire to covert pagan peoples in the New World served as an important impulse toward exploration

42. B. Portugal 1. Motives for exploration a
B. Portugal 1. Motives for exploration a. Economic: sought an all-water route to Asia to tap the spice trade b. Religious: to find the mythical Prester John, a Christian king 2. Prince Henry the Navigator ( ) a. Financed numerous expeditions along the West African coast b. Ushered in a new era of European exploration
National Museum of Ancient Art, London Wikipedia Commons

43. 3. Bartholomew Dias (1450-1500): rounded
3. Bartholomew Dias ( ): rounded the southern tip of Africa in 1488
National Museum of Ancient Art, London Wikipedia Commons

44. Da Gama lands in Calicut, 1498
4. Vasco da Gama ( ) a. All-water expedition to India in 1498 b. Brought back Indian goods creating a huge demand in Europe c. Huge blow to Italian monopoly of Asian trade
Map: Wikipedia Commons Da Gama painting: Library of Congress (Ernesto Casanova, 1880)
Da Gama lands in Calicut, 1498

45. b. Waldseemuller named “America” after him 6. Brazil
5. Amerigo Vespucci ( )
a. Explored Brazil: perhaps the first European to recognize the New World as a continent
b. Waldseemuller named “America” after him
6. Brazil
a. Portugal’s major colony in the New World
b. African slaves imported to produce sugar, coffee, and cotton
Madonna della Misericordia by Domenico Ghirlandaio at the Ognissanti church in Florence

46. The African Slave Trade
Courtesy of the African Studies Center

47. Major Slave Trading Regions of Africa: 15th-19th Centuries

48. C. Spain: Explorers 1. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) a
C. Spain: Explorers 1. Christopher Columbus ( ) a. Spain’s motives: compete against Portugal for overseas trade b. 1492, Columbus reached the Bahamas believing he had reached the “Indies” (Indonesia) c. Ushered in era of European exploration and domination of the New World

49. The Four Voyages of Columbus

50. d. Bartholomew de las Casas (1474-1566) -- "A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies," 1542
Criticized ruthlessness with which Columbus and his successors treated the Amerindians
Writings help spread the “black legend” in Protestant countries regarding Spain’s killing of natives in the name of Christ
In reality, Protestants were just as guilty.
Wikipedia Commons artist unknown

51. Illustration within one of de las Casa’s publications: Cuban natives are being murdered by the Spanish. Image created by Flemish Protestant artist Theodor de Bry.

52. e. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) -- Spain sought to secure Columbus’ discoveries in the New World -- New World divided between Spain and Portugal (at the behest of Pope Alexander VI)

53. 2. Vasco Nunez de Balboa ( ): discovered the Pacific Ocean in Ferdinand Magellan ( ) a. His ship was the first to circumnavigate the world b. Charted the huge size of the Pacific
Wikipedia Commons

54. 4. Spanish conquistadores: began creating Spain’s New World empire by conquering Amerindians a. Hernando Cortès ( ): conquered the Aztecs in Mesoamerica in 1521 b. Francisco Pizarro: conquered the Inca in Peru in 1532
Cortes portrait: Wikipedia Commons Pizarro portrait: public domain

55. Inca Empire at the time of conquest (1530)
NOT FOR PUBLICATION

56. Spanish empire during the “Golden Age of Spain”
1. Resembled “New Imperialism” of the late-19th century
2. Mercantilist in philosophy from the early- 16th century onward
, opening of Potosí silver mines ushered in Spain’s “golden age”
3. Encomienda system
a. Spanish gov’t sought to reduce savage exploitation of Amerindians
b. Amounted to forced labor
c. Resulted in fewer slaves being imported into the empire

57. 4. Mestizos a. Children of mixed Spanish and Amerindian descent b
4. Mestizos a. Children of mixed Spanish and Amerindian descent b. Relatively few women came to the New World during the 16th and 17th centuries 5. Creoles: Spaniards born in the New World to Spanish parents. -- Eventually came to dominate politics and later, independence movements

58. “Old Imperialism” in Africa and Asia
1. Europeans established trading posts and forts in coastal regions but did not penetrate the interior
-- Sharp contrast to Spanish imperialism in the New World
2. Portugal
a. Africa: established forts on the Guinea Coast and in Mali
b. Da Gama set up trading posts in Goa and Calcutta (India)

59. c. Alphonso d’ Albuquerque (1453-1515)
Laid foundation for Portuguese imperialism in the 16th and 17th centuries
Established coastal regions as trade bases to control the Indian Ocean
Did not seek to penetrate inland
Established an empire in the Spice Islands (modern-day Indonesia)

60. d. Francis Xavier (1506-1552): led Jesuit
d. Francis Xavier ( ): led Jesuit missionaries to Asia and converted thousands of indigenous peoples to Christianity in India, Indonesia, and Japan

61. 3. Dutch Republic (Netherlands)
a. Dutch East India Co. founded in and became major force behind Dutch imperialism
b. Expelled Portuguese from Ceylon and some Spice Islands
c. By 1650, challenged Spain and England in the New World and dominated much of the Atlantic trade

62. F. France 1. Jacques Cartier (1491-1557): Explored the St
F. France 1. Jacques Cartier ( ): Explored the St. Lawrence River region of Canada 2. Quebec, France’s first New World colony, was not founded until 1608 G. England 1. Came to exploration relatively late 2. John Cabot ( ) explored northeast coast of North America. 3. Jamestown, Virginia, 1607: first permanent English colony 4. Tens of thousands of Englishmen came to the east coast of North America in the 17th and 18th centuries

63. The Slave Trade (asiento)
1. Portugal first introduced slavery in Brazil to farm sugar plantations
2. Dutch West India Co. transported thousands of slaves to the New World after 1621
3. England’s Royal African Co. entered the slave trade in the late 17th century
4. By 1800, Africans accounted for 60% of Brazil’s population and 20% of U.S population

64. 5. About 50 million Africans died or
5. About 50 million Africans died or became slaves during 17th and 18th centuries.
6. Some African slaves went to Europe (e.g. Portugal)
a. Seen as exotic and highly prized
b. Some “American-style” slavery in Mediterranean sugar plantations

65. IV. The Columbian Exchange
A. Both Europe and the New World were transformed by the Age of Exploration
1. For Europeans: revolution in diet, increased wealth, and rise of global empires
2. Native Americans experienced catastrophic changes

66. B. Disease
1. 90% of Amerindians died between (Columbus) and 1600
a. Amerindians lacked immunities to deadly diseases
b. Smallpox was the biggest killer; others included measles, bubonic plague, influenza, and typhus
2. Syphilis transmitted to Europeans by Amerindians

67. C. Diet
1. Nutritional revolution for Europeans
a. Potato became the most important new staple crop
b. Maize, pineapples, tomatoes, tobacco, beans, vanilla & chocolate
2. Old World imports to the New World included wheat, sugar, rice, coffee
3. Livestock brought to New World: cows, pigs, goats, sheep, chickens

68. D. Animals
1. European introduction of the horse profoundly impacted certain Amerindian groups
2. Turkey was most important meat source transported from New World to Europe
E. Slavery
F. Gold and silver

70. V. Society in the 16th and 17th Centuries A
V. Society in the 16th and 17th Centuries A. Compare to life during the Later Middle Ages B. Social Hierarchy 1. Countryside a. Manorial lords were at the top b. Peasants were largest percentage of rural population; many owned land c. Landless workers owned the lowest wages

71. 2. Towns a. Merchants (bourgeoisie) were among the wealthiest and most powerful b. Artisans: skilled craftsmen such as weavers, blacksmiths, carpenters, masons, etc. (often belonged to guilds). c. Laborers did low-skilled jobs for low wages 3. Education or wealth became the way to move up the social ladder (to the fortunate few)

72. C. Demography 1. “Long 16th century” ( ): steady growth in population 2. Population leveled from until the agricultural revolution 3. Towns and cities saw larger increases in population than the countryside 4. Nuclear family structure for most families; patriarchal 5. Life expectancy a. 27 years for men b. 25 years for women

73. VI. Witch Hunts
A. 70, ,000 people killed between and 1700
B. Causes
1. Popular belief in magic
a. “cunning folk”
b. Claims to power often by the elderly or impoverished, and especially women
2. Church: powers come from either God or the Devil
-- Used witch hunts to gain control over village life in rural areas.

74. 3. Women: 80% of victims (“weaker vessels”)
a. Most between 45 and 60; single
b. Misogyny may have played a role as Europe was a patriarchal society
c. Most midwives were women; blamed if babies died in childbirth
4. Religious wars and divisions created a panic environment; scapegoating
-- Leaders tried to gain loyalty of their people; appeared to be protecting them

75. C. End of witch hunts
1. Scientific Revolution of 16th and 17th centuries discredited superstition
2. Advances in medicine and advent of insurance companies helped people care for themselves
3. Trials became chaotic; accusers could be accused
4. Protestant Reformation saw God as the only spiritual force
-- Yet, witch hunts also plagued Protestant regions as well
5. Some literature implied people had control over their lives

76. Testimony of a licensed midwife at Dillingen, Germany, burned 1587
"Walpurga Hausmannin has, upon kindly questioning and also torture' confessed her witchcraft and admitted the following. When she had become a widow, she cut corn for Hans Schlumperger.... Him she enticed with lewd speeches and gestures and they convened that they should meet in her dwelling, there to indulge in lustful intercourse .... [ But] it was not the said bondsman who appeared unto her, but the Evil One [the Devil] in the latter's guise .... He made her many promises to help her in her poverty and need, wherefore she surrendered herself to him body and soul .... For food she often had a good roast or an innocent child, which was also roasted, or a suckling pig .... [The Evil One] also compelled her to do away with and to kill young infants at birth .... This she did as follows .... A child of the Governor here she had so infected with her salve that he died within three days .... Three years ago she had sucked out the blood of [citizen] Kung's child, a twin, so that it died.... She had also rubbed a salve on a beautiful son of the Chancellor, this child had lovely faire hair and she had given him a hobby horse so that he might ride on it till he lost his senses. He died likewise...."

77. Report of Churchwardens in Gloucestershire, England, 1563
"There is one Alice Prabury in our parish that useth herself suspiciously in the likelihood of a witch, taking upon her not only to help Christian people of diseases strangely happened, but also horses and all other beasts. She taketh upon her to help by the way of charming, and in such ways that she will tell nobody her sayings."