1. 8% body weight, 5-6 l, transporting medium
BLOOD
8% body weight, 5-6 l, transporting medium
functions: 1. Respiratory
2. Nutritional
3. Excretoric
4. Homeostatic a) water, ions, pH
b) temperature - specific heat, conductivity, latent heat
5. Chemical control
6. Immunity
Formed elements + plasma
hematocrit
stability of suspension electrostatic forces
proteiny bridges
viskosity

2. Proteins – onkotic pressure, pH, hemostasis, immunity, transport,
Fluid x losses
BLOOD – PLASMA – SERUM
PLASMA
Water
Proteins – onkotic pressure, pH, hemostasis, immunity, transport,
AMA pool
elektroforesis
albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, clotting faktors, lipopro-
teins, haptoglobins, transferrin
Organic substancies – nutriens, vitamins, cholesterol, waste products,
hormons
Electrolytes – Na, K, Cl, HCO3, PO4, Ca
Gases – O2, CO2, N2

3. ELEMENTS
erythrocytes, leukocytes, trombocytes
stem cells (resting, proliferating) progenitor colony
increase in number of stem cells entering, shortening of the cycle, combination
ERYTHROCYTES – lack of nuclei, ribosomes, mitochondria, 95% of dry weight Hb, shape, antigens
Erythropoesis - multipotent (pluripotent, totipotent) stem cells
unipotent (progenitor)
EPO HIF EPO apoptosis of progenitors Ery line
proerytroblast
basophilic erytroblast (normoblast) Hb synthesis
polychromatic erythroblast DNA synthesis restricted
ortochromatic erytroblast (NORMOBLAST) Nuclei
retikulocyte
erythrocyte

4. Ery formation
afinity of Hb O2
2,3 DPG
renal aa.
lungs O2
CO2
Ox Red Hb
liver kidneys
Hb concentration
HIF
EPO
plasma volume
Ery
hormons
bone marrow
Losses

5. Metabolism Ery - shape, deformability
Hb – 135 –170 g/l
A, F, dissociation curve
Metabolism Ery - shape, deformability
- ion pumps
- hem in ferroform
- ROS scavanging
no mitochondriae glycolysis carboanhydrase
G G-6P NAD GSH H2O + CO H+ + HCO3-
F-6P NADH GSSG
F –1,6 P
NAD G – 3P
NADH ,3 DPG difosfogycerate mutasea
2,3 DPG
3 PG difosfoglycerate fosfatase

6. Ery destruction
aging membráne rigidity sferocyte
CO2 Fe
transferrin bilirubin
AMA
bilirubinglukuronid
RES Hb
urobilin
sterkobilin

7. ANEMIE
hypoplastic, aplastic microcytic hypochromic
sideropennic normocytic normochromic
thalasemia makrocytic hyperchromic
pernicious
infiltration of bone marrow
drugs
hemorrhagic hemolytic
acute bleeding intracorpuscular (hereditary,
chronic spherocytosis, sicle cell)
extracorpuscular (hypersplenism)
POLYGLOBULIA

8. % neutrophils 50 – 70 O2 O 2- H2O2 OH eozinophilsí 1 – 4 granulocytes
LEUKOCYTES x 109/l %
neutrophils – O O H2O OH
eozinophilsí – granulocytes
basophils < 1
monocytes – 8
chemotaxis, secretion, adhesion, diapedesis, fagocytosis, ROS (NADPH oxidase, myeloperoxidase), proteases
lymfocytes – 40
T - helper/inducer memory cells
- supressors
- cytotoxic K
- N K
B - plasmatic memory cells
NADPH NADP

9. TROMBOCYTES x 109/l 2 – 4 u
microtubuli, receptors for collagen, actin + myosin, granules (ADP, serotin),
α granules (PDGF, PAF)
HEMOSTASIS: 1) vessels – vasoconstriction (wall, serotonin, tromboxan A2)
2) platelets - adhesion (receptors, von Willebrandův f.)
- change of the shape
- aggregation
ADP plug
granules TXA2
vasokonstriction

10. 3) clotting
HMWK, LMWK kinins
inflammation
complement
extrinsic - thromboplastin intrinsic – XII, kallikrein
tkáňový aktivátor
prothrombin thrombin plasmin plasminogen
streptokinase
fibrinogen fibrin stabilized fibrin
fibrin degradation products
Alterations of hemostasis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, consumption coagulopathy