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Western Europe After Rome
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Medieval Europe Middle…of what? Dark Ages? Early Middle Ages
Germanic tribes. Nomadic peoples Subsistence farmers Chieftains Most people illiterate The High Middle Ages Signs of recovery Growth of towns Trade w/Eastern Hemisphere established Emergence of middle class Renaissance begins at the end of the era
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The Early Middle Ages Political and Social Development
Collapse of political, social, and military order left Europe in chaos Continuing invasions and conflicts The Church provided cultural unity and enabled the area to regain some control
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From 800 to 1000, a 2nd major wave of invasions struck Europe led by Vikings, Muslims, & Magyars (The 1st wave were the barbarians that attacked Rome) Text These invasions caused widespread fear & suffering Kings could not defend against invasion People stopped looking to kings for protection The invasions by Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims caused widespread disorder and suffering. Most western Europeans lived in constant danger. Kings could not effectively defend their lands from invasion. As a result, people no longer looked to a central ruler for security. Instead, many turned to local rulers who had their own armies. Any leader who could fight the invaders gained followers and political strength.
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The Early Middle Ages: Political and Social Development Cont.
Germanic Tribes; borders changed with fortunes of war Had smaller, less centralized states Roman governors replaced with tribal chieftains Roman concept of rule of law replaced with informal governments based on family ties and loyalty Warriors bound to chiefs w/oaths of loyalty Why are cities no longer safe? People settled on manors- feudalism and manorialism developed Complex system with mutual obligations
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Western Europe Feudalism
Fiefs – land given to lords from Kings in exchange for fealty Lords – also known as nobles, dukes, Viscounts, etc. Own and manage the land Knights/Vassals – In exchange for a small fief or money, they swear loyalty to a lord and promise to protect all who reside on the lords land Feudalism – a mutually beneficial relationship of free persons sanctioned by oaths of loyalty in the absence of centralized authority. How do kings fit into feudalism? What is a code of chivalry?
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Western Europe Manorial System
The lord’s land is called a Manor. Economic self-sufficiency – everything they needed came from the land. Peasants worked the land and made repairs in exchange for protection Some peasants were known as serfs – those that were tied to the land and could not leave. Agricultural improvements – three field system, windmills, plows, horse collar, stirrup Development of Language – Latin/German….dialects (vernacular) Spanish Italian French English
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Three field system
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Lords built castles to protect their territory from outside invasions
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The Early Middle Ages: Kingdom of the Franks
Franks managed to organize Germanic kingdoms under their kings and looked as if they might unite Western Europe under one king Clovis: established the Frankish kingdom and converted to Christianity Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer) Carolingians takes control, stopped the Caliphate at the Battle of Tours (732)
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Charlemagne Grandson of Charles Martel
temporarily unified most of western Europe People needed protection from Vikings Bureaucracy - Administrative system divided into counties governed by a count Pushed for education, established schools throughout the Kingdom. Missi dominici were the eyes and ears of the king Charlemagne moved around the empire Established peace and heavily promoted Christianity Pope crowned Charlemagne emperor; implying heir to Roman throne Showed superiority of church over political leaders After his death, the empire was divided: Treaty of Verdun
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Early Middle Ages (cont.)
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Western Europe Roman Catholic Church
Power of the Church increased by… Literate clergy Controlled education (universities and art) Weapons (interdict/excommunication) Church hierarchy Donation of Constantine Example of power: Crusades Power of the Church challenged by… 1054 Great Schism – Roman Catholic Church vs. Eastern Orthodox Church Babylonian Captivity 3 Popes??? Councils
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Western Europe Roman Catholic Church
Monasticism Economic functions of agriculture and protection Vow of poverty vs. Wealth Attempts at reform: Cluniac Reforms
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Western Europe Political Trends in the Later Middle Ages
Stronger monarchies France French: Estates-General had little power Hundred Years War – on and off again war between England and France Holy Roman Empire German: loose confederation, wanted ties to the church Norman England 1066 Norman invasion 1215 Magna Carta – limits the power of the King and establishes rights for The people. 1265 English Parliament Hundred Years War
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100 Years War Beginning in 1337, England invaded France to take over lands that belonged to William the Conqueror (a Frenchman who ruled England in 1066) Began 116 years of turmoil But there were major effects of 100 Years War:
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New Weapons Longbow—6-foot bows that could fire length of 3 football fields (replaced feudal fighting technique of using exclusively knights on horseback) Cannons—believed to be an invention of the Mongols - used Chinese technology of gunpowder to shoot 20-inch stone balls
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Western Europe High Middle Ages
Christian Crusades Seljuk Turks limit access to Holy Land for Christians Primogeniture rules Church as a force of unity Request from Byzantine emperor Alexius I Urban II calls upon knights Remission of sins, place in Heaven, god wills it 1st Crusade – got Jerusalem (Saladin later recaptured it) 4th Crusade – religious or economic in nature? attack on commercial rivals in Constantinople Ultimately the Crusaders failed to accomplish their goals
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The Impact of the Crusades (cont.)
Crusades laid the foundation for the emergence of European countries in the next era Put them into direct contact with oldest areas of world civilizations Increase in knowledge As Crusaders returned they brought back silks, porcelains, carpets, perfumes, spices, and preservatives Europeans would not be content to remain in isolated, drafty castles; a whole new world awaited them
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Economic Developments
Genoa and Venice benefitted from the Crusades – grew wealthy Carried knights and goods to and from the Holy Land Brought ideas about banking to the West Merchants invested in trading ships Internal trade grew Hanseatic League (north) formed to facilitate trade Kings sold charters/feudal ties severed Kings received revenue from towns and built armies gaining power over aristocrats Guilds formed Merchant class develops Social class structure more complex; serfs became craftsmen, etc
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Banking and the Jewish Community
Growth of trade and banking formed the basis of western capitalism Church against usury (charging interest); bankers were Jews Church eventually eased its policies and became landholder and money lender European Christians discriminated against Jews who lived in segregated communities (ghettos) Limited there occupations In 13th C English and French kings seized property Pogroms drove Jews to eastern Europe
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Social Change Patriarchy
As life became more complex women faced more restrictions In early Germanic societies women had considerable freedoms and gained respect. Many joined monastic life As cities grew, women were excluded from guilds and their role in commerce decreased. Women seen as subservient and were encouraged to be docile and obedient.
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Social Change Urban Life Nasty, Fire, Overcrowding
Cathedrals – Gothic vs. Romanesque Learning CHURCH –scribes, Latin Vulgate Scholasticism – Thomas Aquinas Religious Orders – Knights Templar, Teutonic Knights Universities – University of Paris, Oxford, Cambridge, Salerno Medical School (what does that say about the power of the Catholic Church)
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Rise of the Renaissance
A new middle class of bankers, merchants, & skilled craftsmen gained lots of power Wealthy bankers & merchants wanted to show off their new status by commissioning art The rise of cities combined with people willing to pay for art brought artists together which led to new techniques & styles of art
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Florence, Italy The most important Italian city was Florence, where wealth from trade sparked the Renaissance The Medici family were wealthy bankers who used heir wealth to turn Florence into Italy’s most artistic city
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Characteristics of the Renaissance
From 1300 to 1600, Western Europe experienced a “rebirth” in trade, learning, & Greco-Roman ideas Many artists and architects were heavily influenced by ancient Greece and Rome During the Renaissance, people had more options than ever before which led to a belief that people can accomplish anything Social status was based on wealth & ability, not birthright New Idea – Humanism: belief in human potential. One can improve through skill and education.
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Guttenberg’s Printing Press
Johannes Gutenberg invented the movable type printing press Influenced by the Chinese printing press Books were produced at a much faster rate Increased the spread of knowledge and information Increased literacy
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Culture and Arts (cont.)
Development of vernacular Previous literature written in Latin Dante’s Divine Comedy written in vernacular; began to replace old Roman language Chaucer wrote Canterbury Tales; provided insight into medieval life in England Others follow and by end of 14th C Latin no longer the preferred written language
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Culture and Arts (cont.)
Cathedrals combined Architecture Painting Sculpture Inlay Stained glass Music Literature Painting became more sophisticated after 13th C Most formal art produced for the Church or clergy Renaissance reached full flower during 15th and 16th centuries
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