1. Scientific Inquiry and The Scientific Method

2. Ask a Question or Recognize a Problem
Identify the problem you are trying to solve or the question you are trying to answer
Example – you wonder if your dog will grow to the size of Clifford the Big Red Dog if you feed him Protein supplements
That is a question that needs to be answered

3. Good Observations are…
Make Observations
Statements of FACT
Non-judgmental –No opinion involved
They offer no conclusions or answers
Good Observations are…
Accurate
Detailed
As brief as possible!
For example – “When the chemicals mixed, the solution turned blue and a sour odor was detected.”

4. Create a Hypothesis
A hypothesis is an educated guess based on observations.
The hypothesis must be TESTABLE or it isn’t useful
It is specific to one situation and is in the form of an “if – then” statement
It is created BEFORE any testing can take place

5. Hypotheses
It clearly states one problem and the believed answer to that problem.
For example – “If hydrochloric acid mixes with sodium, then hydrogen gas will be given off.”
A hypothesis often sounds like a statement of fact, but it has yet to be tested.

6. Experimentation
Once a scientist makes a hypothesis, it is tested using an experiment.
The experiment will either nullify (prove wrong) or verify the hypothesis.

7. Experimentation Controlled Experiments Must Have Control group
The control is used as a comparison – it shows beginning conditions – nothing is changed
Experimental group
This group has one (and only one) factor that changes (or varies) – this allows you to determine exactly what happened

8. Experimentation Controlled Experiments Must Have
In any experiment there is a dependent variable and an independent variable
The independent variable causes changes to the dependent variable
For example: (observation) - as temperature decreases, trees’ leaves begin to change color
(Hypothesis) – If the temperature drops (independent) then the leaves’ color changes (dependent)

9. Experimentation Controlled Experiments Must Have
Constants – everything kept the same between the two groups except for the one variable being tested
Without constants, you can’t tell if the independent variable caused the change or if something else did

10. Data Analysis Data collection and analysis are NOT the same thing
Data collection – take various measurements using tools or instruments
Data analysis - changing the form or modeling the data to draw conclusions
Examples
Calculating accuracy or precision
Creating and interpreting graphs
Calculating averages (mean, mode, median)

11. Conclusions
Once you have collected and analyzed your data, you must draw a conclusion.
Your conclusion answers whether you not your hypothesis was correct
Your conclusion includes data that clearly supports or denies your hypothesis

12. Conclusions
If a hypothesis is rejected (nullified); then it can either be revised for additional testing or it can be tossed aside and forgotten.
If a hypothesis is verified, then it is tested over again and is subject to scientific scrutiny before it is accepted.

13. The steps do NOT have to go in order

14. Verified Hypotheses
All verified hypotheses are subject to intense review by other scientists.
many rejected by the scientific community for reasons (not limited to): poor experimental design, faulty logic, or imprecise conclusions.
If a hypothesis passes this detailed review period, then it can be added as a principle or “law ”.

15. Principles or Laws
Scientific “laws” refer to specific ideas that have not been contradicted by testing
Ex: The Universal Law of Gravitation

16. Theories Theories link many scientific principles or laws together
They explain a wide variety of phenomena observed in the natural world.
They are NOT guesses!!
For example – plate tectonics explains why fossils of the same species are found on opposite sides of the ocean AND why earthquakes occur in certain zones.
While theories are always subject to revision, they are firmly accepted by the scientific community
October 14, 2019

17. Summary Observations are facts without judgments.
Inferences are based on observations.
Hypotheses are educated guesses based on inferences.
Experiments test hypotheses.
Conclusions state whether or not hypothesis is verified or nullified
Principles (“laws”) are based on accepted hypotheses.
Theories are the combination of well-tested hypotheses and principles that explain many aspects of the natural world.

18. Summary (continued)
Independent Variable (IV) – the variable that the scientist controls during the experiment
Dependant Variable (DV) – the variable that changes due to the scientist manipulating the independent variable
Experimental Group – The group that is being tested (or manipulated)
Control Group – The group that remains unchanged so it can be used for comparison
October 14, 2019