1. Retinoids activate proton transport by the uncoupling proteins UCP1 and UCP2
(A) pH dependency of the state 4 respiratory rate: control ▵ and UCP2 mitochondria ▿, in basal conditions (1.6 μM fatty acid free bovine serum albumin). Solid and dashed lines refer to UCP2 mitochondria in presence of 4.8 μM palmitic acid ○ (ratio 3:1 with albumin), UCP2 mitochondria in presence of the same concentration of all‐trans retinoic acid, ●. The increase over the basal state 4 respiratory rate at pH 6.8 is plotted against pH values. Data represent the mean value ± SEM of 6–10 independent experiments. (B) Titration of the effect of all‐trans retinoic acid at pH 7.3 on the basal state 4 of control ▵, UCP1 ♦, UCP2 ●, and UCP3 □ mitochondria.
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EMBO J, Volume: 18, Issue: 21, Pages: , First published: 01 November 1999, DOI: ( /emboj/ )