1. NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS CHAPTER 5

2. NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
Conditions that begin in childhood
They have a major impact on social and cognitive functioning
Involving serious deficits in:
social interaction
communication skills
odd behavior, interests, and activities.

3. INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER
These are characterized by deficits in general mental abilities such as:
reasoning,
problem-solving,
judgment,
ability to learn from experience, and
learning in an academic context.
This diagnosis is used to characterize individuals who have intellectual and adaptive deficits that first became evident when they were children.
Significantly below average intellectual functioning, indicated by an IQ of 70 or below
The term Mental Retardation is no longer used to classify people with intellectual disabilities.

4. GENETIC CAUSES
Down syndrome
Caused by abnormal chromosomal formation during conception.
Inherited an extra copy of chromosome 21
Common cause of birth defects in humans, and almost always is associated with intellectual developmental disorder as well as a range of physical signs
ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Rubella
Anoxia
Premature birth, and brain injury during delivery

5. TREATMENT OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
Early Diagnosis
There is no cure for intellectual disabilities
Goal full inclusion in their communities
These services and may include:
Case management
Family support
Vocational programs
Day programs
Residential options
Early intervention
Special education
Transition services

6. AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS
Formerly known as “Autism,”
Autism spectrum disorder:
A term currently used by many researchers and clinicians proposed in the DSM5 to replace the diagnosis of autistic disorder
Before age 3, individuals with autistic disorder show oddities in several spheres that other people easily detect.
Signs to look for in children with autism include:
Lack of or delay in spoken language
Repetitive use of language (echolalia) and/or motor mannerisms (e.g., hand-flapping, twirling objects)
Little or no eye contact
Lack of interest in peer relationships
Lack of spontaneous or make-believe play
Persistent fixation on parts of objects

7. There is no medical test for diagnosing autism.
A diagnosis is based on observed behavior and educational and psychological testing. 
As the symptoms of autism vary, so do the routes to obtaining a diagnosis. 
DSM 5 change: a single condition with differing levels of severity.
Autistic disorder
Asperger’s disorder
Typical to strong verbal language skills and intellectual ability distinguish Asperger syndrome from other forms of autism.

8. Children do not "outgrow" autism
TREATMENT
Children do not "outgrow" autism
Early diagnosis and intervention lead to significantly improved outcomes.
Primary treatments are educational
teaching those with autism ways to do things that may not come as easily for them)
compensatory (helping individuals use their strengths to make up for areas that are more difficult
behavioral (assisting individuals to minimize behaviors that interfere with daily living, such as tantrums or self-injury). 
Treatment involves the child's entire family and a team of professionals.
Some programs may take place in the child's home
Some programs are delivered in a specialized center, classroom or preschool. .
No single therapy works for every child.

9. RETT SYNDROME
Normal development occurs in a child early in life (up to age 4) and then neurological and cognitive impairments develop.
Deceleration of head growth and some of the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder.
The syndrome occurs almost exclusively in females and can be used as a specifier for Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Not used as a separate diagnosis in the DSM 5

10. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
ADHD
ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
Warning Signs
People with ADHD show an ongoing pattern of three different types of symptoms:
Difficulty paying attention (inattention)
Being overactive (hyperactivity)
Acting without thinking (impulsivity)

11. TREATMENT
Medication
Stimulants (e.g., Ritalin)
Many researchers think that stimulants are effective because the medication increases the brain chemical dopamine, which plays essential roles in thinking and attention.
Antidepressants
Psychosocial treatment
Psychoeducation
Individual therapy
Compensatory behavioral and self- management training

12. TIC DISORDERS
A tic is a rapid, recurring involuntary movement or vocalization.
Motor tics include eye blinking, facial twitches, and shoulder shrugging.
Vocal tics include coughing, grunting, snorting, coprolalia (the uttering of obscenities), and tongue clicking.
Tourette’s disorder is perhaps the most well-known of the tic disorders
People with this disorder experience a combination of chronic movement and vocal tics
Usually a lifelong condition
Onset usually in childhood or adolescence

13. SPECIFIC LEARNING DISORDER
Children who have a specific learning disorder experience a delay or deficit in their ability to acquire a basic academic skill.
Specific learning disorder with impairment in reading (commonly called dyslexia)
Specific learning disorder with impairment in mathematics
Dyscalculia difficulty in learning or comprehending arithmetic, such as difficulty in understanding numbers, learning how to manipulate numbers, and learning math facts
Specific learning disorder with impairment in written express language

14. COMMUNICATION DISORDERS
Conditions involving impairment in language, speech, and communication.
Children with language disorder do not have the ability to express themselves in ways appropriate to their age and developmental level.
They use limited and faulty vocabulary and speak in short sentences with simplified grammatical structures, omitting critical words or phrases.
Children who experience Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering) are unable to produce fluent speech.