1. The Interrelationship Between Health and Physical, Social, Emotional and Intellectual Development
The Interrelationships Between Health and Physical, Social, Emotional and Intellectual Development

2. Development
Defined as the physical, emotional, social and intellectual changes that take place in human beings over time.
Development is a continual process beginning at conception and ending with death.

3. Stages of the Lifespan
The lifespan is the period of time between fertilisation and death. It can be divided up into a series of stages
These stages are determined by a combination of biological age, social age and psychological age.

4. Lifespan Stage Approx. Age Range Refer to page 15 Prenatal
Fertilisation to birth
Infancy
Birth to 18 months
toddlerhood
18months- 3 years
Early Childhood
End of Infancy to 3-12 yrs
Youth
End of late childhood to years
Early adulthood
End of youths to yrs
Middle adulthood
End of early adulthood to yrs
Late adulthood
End of middle adulthood to death
Refer to page 15

5. Types of Development
Development can be divided into many different types.
PHYSICAL
INTELLECTUAL
EMOTIONAL
SOCIAL

6. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Physical development includes growth which is changes in the size and structure of cells such as increases in height and weight and therefore the lengthening of bones, the cutting of teeth, changes in body proportions and increases in muscles and tissues.

8. Physical Development
Physical development also includes MOTOR SKILLS which are changes in the ability to use and control muscles that enable us to undertake a range of activities.
Kicking a ball
Hopping
Holding and writing with a pen.
Tying shoelaces

9. Motor Skills
The development of motor skills is dependent upon the maturation of the central nervous system.

10. Motor Skills
In our body we tend to have large muscle groups and smaller muscle groups.
Control of the larger muscle groups is called GROSS MOTOR SKILLS
Kicking
Catching a ball
Running
Sitting
Walking
Playing a musical instrument

11. Motor Skills
Control of the smaller muscles of the body such as those in the fingers and toes are known as FINE MOTOR SKILLS
Threading beads
Colouring in shapes and staying within the lines
Tying shoelaces

12. LAWS OF DEVELOPMENT
There are two laws of development that help us to predict physical changes that will take place.
Cephalocaudal Development
Proximodistal Development
Physical development occurs in two directions known as cephalocaudal and proximodistal.

13. Cephalocaudal Direction
Cephalocaudal direction sees development move down the body from head to toe.
An infant will develop control of the muscles in their neck, followed by the muscles in their upper body, upper legs, lower legs, feet and then toes.
That is why most infants will crawl, stand supported, stand, walk supported and then walk independently

14. CEPHALOCAUDAL LAW For example:
In growth the head grows first, at birth the head is 1/4 the size of the body.
Head control before crawling, before walking
Infants develop control of muscles in their

15. Proximodistal Direction
Proximodistal direction sees development progress from the centre of the body to the outside or extremities.
An infant will be able to hit an object with their arm and hand, grab an object, then control the manipulation of the object with their fingers.
An embryo shows a well developed torso with very small, underdeveloped arms and legs.

17. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT... An important skill that evolves through
social development is learning appropriate
behaviour for the different roles they will
play in society.
Roles - the expectations of rights and
responsibilities held of a person with regard
to their social position.
For example: mother, father, brother,
sister, teacher, student, friend

18. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Social development relies on the interaction with others and refers to the development of knowledge and skills, attitudes, values and behaviours necessary for the appropriate interaction and relationships with other people.

19. Social Development
Social development occurs as a result of socialisation.
We learn primarily from our family but other influences include:
Peers
Kindergarten
Child care
School
Sporting clubs
Church
Workplaces
Media

20. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Refers to the changes that occur in our ability to control and understand our own moods and feelings and the expression of these emotions, as well as understanding the emotions of others.
It includes feelings we develop about ourselves and includes aspects such as confidence, self esteem and self concept.

21. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT...
Self concept and self-esteem are related.
Self concept is the image/picture you have of
yourself.
Self-esteem is how you feel about yourself
(your opinion of yourself).
For example:
Positive self-esteem involves good feelings, negative self-esteem involves feelings of worthlessness.

22. INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT
Refers to changes in our ability to think and reason and includes the establishment of language skills, understanding the basic concepts for daily living such as numbers, time and space and our ability to solve problems.

23. INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT
The mental skills a person learns when
adapting to their environment.
Includes developing the skills of:
attention
memory
knowledge
understanding
reasoning or problem solving
language

24. INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT...
For example:
As people progress through the lifespan their
ability to take notice and remember increases.
This in turn allows people to reflect and
understand what is happening. This is the
beginning of the process of problem solving and
adapting to the environment. You have to be
able to understand the environment in order to
adapt to it. Language helps us to gain and
express knowledge.

25. Summary of Development

26. Summary of Development

27. Summary of Development

28. Summary of Development

29. Principles of development
Development requires change
Early development is essential for later development
Development equals maturation plus learning
General pattern of development is predictable
There are individual differences in development

30. 1.Development requires change
Determined by genetics
Changes in physical size (height and weight)
Changes in body proportions
Changes to features

31. 2. Early development is essential
Sets foundations
Development is cumulative – one thing builds onto another
First three months of prenatal period is ‘critical period’

32. 3. Maturation + Learning = Development
Maturation – wherby a person gradually realises their genetic potential
Used to describe development as opposed to growth and influences the ability to learn
Learning - relatively permanent acquisition of behaviours through interaction with the environment.
If an individual is not mature enough to learn, then they are not ready to learn

33. 4. The general pattern is predictable
Cephalocaudal law - indicates the direction
of development from head to feet.
Proximodistal law - indicates the direction of
development from the middle of the body
towards the extremities.

34. 5. Individual differences
People follow the same general pattern but differences occur in terms of:
Rate
Timing
Factors affecting: Genetic and Environmental

35. INTERRELATIONSHIP
There is a very strong interrelationship between all types of development and between health and development.
Physical changes may impact social changes and vice versa etc.
Refer to table in text book

36. Interrelationship
One of the most significant influences on development is health.
Good health means improved quality of life and the opportunity to achieve development potential.
Ill health may impact on physical, social, emotional and intellectual development.

37. Interrelationship
In children, ill health may affect the growth of the brain, bones, muscles and organs, particularly if the illness leads to malnutrition.
This could also contribute to poor motor development, impaired learning and delayed sexual development.
Continued ill health may also affect social development.
i.e interacting with others – learning new skills, knowledge, behaviour, poor motor skills (lack of acceptance into social group)

38. Interrelationship
Different types of development are therefore interrelated and do not occur in isolation.
Growth and development of the brain (physical development) leads to changes in mental abilities (intellectual development) like reasoning, memory and language skills.
These abilities allow the child to make better personal and social adjustment.(social development)
Speech means a child can explain and satisfy its wants (emotional development)
This also has a direct impact on academic achievement (intellectual development).