1. CPL Air Law
ATC Chapter 4

2. To review operational requirements for commercial flights/ops
Aim
To review operational requirements for commercial flights/ops

3. Objectives Specify minimum radio/navaid requirements
List minimum survival equipment required
Discuss refuelling operations
Passenger requirements & limitations
Discuss requirements for carriage of cargo
Loading & PIC responsibility

4. 1. Minimum radios & nav aids
Minimum instruments?
CAO appendix 1
Minimum VFR instrumentation is as follows:
Airspeed indicator
Altimeter
Compass
Time keeping piece
If AWK/CHR , additional instruments are required:
Slip/skid indicator
Outside Air Temperature (OAT) gauge
Instruments required must be serviceable and,
a VFR Altimeter must read +-100ft of the aerodrome elevation (ENR 1.7)

5. 1. Minimum radios & nav aids
Minimum radios required
AIP GEN 1.5 para 1
CLASS
AIRSPACE
RADIOS REQRD
REMARKS
RPT
A,C,D,E,G
VHF + HF, or 2x VHF
CHTR
VHF or HF
HF required if outside of VHF coverage
IFR
NIGHT VFR
VHF
VFR
A,C,D,E

6. 1. Minimum radios & nav aids
Minimum radios required (cont.)
AIP GEN 1.5 para 1
CLASS
AIRSPACE
RADIOS REQRD
REMARKS
VFR
G 5000ft & above
VHF
Gliders N/A
G at CTAFS requiring radio
G below 3000ft AMSL or below 1000 AGL
In reduced VMC
QUIZ STUDENTS ON WHAT TYPES OF CTAFS NEED A RADIO? (CERT, REG, PVT, MIL?)

7. 1. Minimum radios & nav aids
Minimum radios required (cont.)
AIP GEN 1.5 para 1.4
At least one radio must be able to maintain continuous communication with ATC services at all stages of flight (ie- from start up to shutdown).
Where continuous VHF can be maintained but not guaranteed the pilot may use a SATCOM rather than HF – provided CASA approved
CAR 243
A pilot during flight must maintain a listening watch from start up to shutdown
QUIZ STUDENTS ON WHAT TYPES OF CTAFS NEED A RADIO? (CERT, REG, PVT, MIL?)

8. 1. Minimum radios & nav aids
Minimum radios required (cont.)
How can a pilot determine/guarantee radio coverage?
The PCA planning chart depicts VHF coverage/range airborne.
VHF at 5000ft (lighter shade)
VHF at 10’000ft (dark shade)

9. 1. Minimum radios & nav aids
Minimum nav-aids required
AIP GEN 1.5 para 2
TYPE OF OPERAITON
SYSTEMS
CONDITIONS #
TYPE
RPT
2 and
ADF or VOR or TSO145/146 GPS
Any combination with at least 1 being an ADF or VOR 1
DME or GPS
CHTR/AWK >5700kg
CHTR/AWK <5700kg & PVT CTA
2 or
ADF or VOR or DME or GPS
Applicable to ops in CTA, combination incl at least 1 VOR or ADF
TSO145/146 GPS
CHTR/AWK <5700kg & PVT OCTA
1 x ADF or VOR or TSO145/146 GPS
Applicable to ops in OCTA

10. 2. Survival equipment Water Ops CAR 258
A pilot must not fly over water at a distance from which the aircraft could reach should the critical engine fail.
THIS DOES NOT APPLY IF (AIP ENR 1.1 para 62):
If CHTR, not greater than 25nm
If Cargo CHTR, PVT, AWK, then they are exempt
Each occupant wears a life jacket (in accordance with CAO 20.11)
A forecast is obtained
A SARTIME is submitted
Aircraft may opt to designate reporting schedules/points for the overwater segment of flight AND
If not equipped with radios, than carries an ELT

11. 2. Survival equipment Water Ops – Life jackets CAO 20.11 para 5
Aircraft will be supplied with 1 life jacket for each occupant if:
Outside of gliding distance for a single engine
Greater than 50 nm for a multi engine
CHTR/RPT will supply a life jacket or floatation device (raft) if the takeoff/landing is over water and a ditching would be likely if in a mishap
Above 2000ft life jackets need not be worn
Below 2000ft and beyond gliding distance life jackets MUST be worn

12. 2. Survival equipment Water Ops – Rafts CAO 20.11 para 5
An aircraft flown over water outside permitted distance must carry life rafts
4 engine, 3 engine turbine, 2 engine turbine aircraft is beyond >120minutes or 400nm (which ever is less) from land must have rafts
Other aircraft is greater than 30minutes or 100nm (which ever is less)

13. 2. Survival equipment Designated Remote Areas (DRA)
Vast areas of Australia are remote from significant population
If VHF coverage is limited HF is required
No HF? Then an ELT (Emergency Location Transmitter) must be carried
CAR 252 – all aircraft in Australia departing greater than 50nm MUST carry an ELT
A flight in DRA with a HF radio is permitted to fly without ELT so long as journey is no greater than 50nm

14. 2. Survival equipment
Designated Remote Areas (DRA)

15. 2. Survival equipment Signalling equipment CAO 20.11 para 6
6.1 – Aircraft required to carry life rafts shall carry an ELT for each life raft.
6.2 – An single engine aircraft must be fitted or carry with an ELT if:
Flying over water
Does not have a life raft on board
Not equipped with radio comm equipment
Not capable of continuous 2 way communication
6.3 – If the ELT is portable then is must be
Carried by a crew member, or
In a life raft, or
Adjacent to an emergency exit

16. 3. Fuel operations Refuelling operations
CAO 20.9 – no refuelling equipment within:
5m sealed building
15m exposed public area
6m aircraft
9m unsealed building <5.7tonne, otherwise 15m

17. 3. Fuel operations Refuelling operations (cont.) CAO 20.9 para 4.1.1.2
Sealed building: A building with a part lying within 15m of refuelling equipment and is non-flammable with no openings or all openings closed (eg: closed windows/doors).
Para – Limited fuelling ops may be conducted in certain hangers provided:
Re/de-fuelling of widecut turbine fuel is not permitted
Overwing fuelling not permitted
The hanger occupied by no more than 2 people
The operator has CASA approval
Para – Where fuelling equipment is not mobile, the aircraft shall be placed so it can be moved in the event of a fire hazard
How do we ensure this with our Cessna’s?

18. 3. Fuel operations Refuelling operations with pax CAO 20.9 para 4.2
Aircraft with less than 20 pax must not refuel with pax on board, or whilst in the process of leaving the aircraft.
An operator with an aircraft less than 20 pax may allow pax to remain on board IF:
Fuel is not avgas or,
Fuel is turbine fuel containing anti-static additive AND,
The passengers’ medical condition is such that he/she cannot be moved
Should these be satisfied but vapour, leak, or any other breach of safety occurs fuelling must stop immediately!

19. 3. Fuel operations Aircraft safety CAO 20.9 para 4.3
4.3.1 – All engines, and auxiliary power supplies shall be turned off with ignition in ‘OFF’ position, unless CASA has approved otherwise.
4.3.2 – Where external power is used, it shall be secured to and not removed from the aircraft until refuelling has ceased.
4.3.3 – no maintenance shall be carried out on aircraft radar or electrical equipment, nor shall they be operated during refuelling procedures.
- This however does not apply to kerosene based fuels.
4.3.4 – The aircraft shall be connected to fuelling equipment to provide equal potential across all equipment involved
4.3.5 – footwear worn by refueller’s and pilots shall not be of sparking type, with matches or cigarette lighters kept not to present a fire hazard

20. 3. Fuel operations Aircraft safety CAO 20.9 para 4.4
4.4.1 – no smoking is permitted within 15m and a placard shall show this
4.4.4 – at least 2 fire extinguishers shall be within 6m -15m and carried on the refuelling equipment
4.4.6 – permitted fire extinguishers are:
2x 60B dry
1x 80B dry + 1x 20B foam
4.5.1 – in the event of a fire hazard is spilled within 15m refuelling shall cease.
All passengers and occupants shall remain beyond 15m and
Any equipment within 15m shall be shutdown

21. 3. Fuel operations Starting of Aircraft CAO 20.9 para 5
5.1.4 – an aircraft will not be started within:
5m sealed building
15m exposed public area
8m aircraft
8m unsealed building <5.7tonne, otherwise 15m

22. 3. Fuel operations Precautions after refuelling CAO 20.2 para 5
5.1 a(i) – aircraft fuel shall be checked for contaminants/drained at the start of each day, after each refuel, or any other time specified by CASA or flight manual
5.2 – should water be found the pilot/operator shall ensure all traces be drained & removed from the fuel system prior to commencing flight
QUIZ STUDENT ON FUEL PLANNING REQUIREMENTS OF UNISA/CAAP 234

23. 4. Carriage of passengers
Authority of the pilot
CAR 224
1 – The operator shall designate one pilot to act as pilot in command
2 – The PIC is responsible for start, stop, cruise, and safe operation of aircraft and well being of crew members
3 – The PIC shall have final authority as to the disposition of the aircraft and to maintain discipline by all persons on board
CAR 309
1 – The PIC may with assistance remove of restrain under custody any passengers/crew on board
2 – A person found in breach of civil aviation regulations may be arrested by the by PIC without warrant in the same manner as a person found committing a felony in common law.

24. 4. Carriage of passengers
Authority of the pilot
CAR 226
A person may only occupy a seat with dual controls if:
The person holds an appropriate license (SPL, PPL, CPL, ATPL)
CAR 228
A person shall not manipulate controls unless:
A qualified pilot
A student undertaking flight instruction
However, a passenger MAY occupy a seat in accordance with CAO
Where the passenger has been briefed appropriately to not manipulate the controls at any time.

25. 4. Carriage of passengers
Restrictions for carriage of pax
CAR 249
A pilot must not conduct the following with passengers on board
Flight training with a pax who does not hold a GFPT or equivalent
Emergency procedures
Low level flying
Test of aircraft components
The above regulation does not apply who the carriage of maintenance personnel

26. 4. Carriage of passengers
Passenger briefings
CAO para 14 – Passenger are to be briefed on the following:
Smoking
Adjustment of seatbelts
Location of emergency exits
Use of oxygen masks
Use of floatation devices
Stowage of luggage
Use of on board survival equipment
– The operator shall ensure handicapped are given separate briefing appropriate to their needs in the event of an emergency
– The operator of an CHTR/RPT aircraft with more than 6 seats (incl crew) shall supplement oral briefing with printed cards detailing
Emergency exits & operation
Use of emergency equipment
Brace position

27. 4. Carriage of passengers
Passenger briefings (cont.)
CAO para 14.2
– In addition to the previous, if required to carry life jackets/rafts passengers shall be briefed on their operation , and if RPT/CHTR a demonstration shall be provided
– If CHTR/RPT the above operation of jackets/rafts shall be detailed in the ops manual/aircraft manual
– Where an aircraft departs directly overwater after take-off the briefing above shall be done before take-off. Eg: Merimbula
– Should the aircraft not depart directly over water the briefing may be completed at a later time but before reaching the water segment

28. 4. Carriage of passengers
Passenger seating
CAO para 7
A CHTR/RPT operator shall provide a passenger list and leave it at departure aerodrome. The list shall contain rego, names of pax, date, time of departure, and places of embarkation & destination
CAR 251
Seatbelts shall be worn by all crew members/pax during
Takeoff &landings
During an instrument approach
Flying below 1000ft AGL
Turbulent conditions or as directed by PIC
The above does not apply for authorized CASA examiners
A seatbelt will be worn by at least 1 crew member

29. 4. Carriage of passengers
Carriage of infants & children
CAO para 13
Where the combined weight of 2 children does not exceed 77kg both may be seated side by side, with a lap strap
An infant may:
an infant may be carried in the arms/lap of an adult passenger, in a bassinet, providing the infant is restrained to prevent movement under maximum accelerations
An infant carried by an adult shall have the seatbelt fastened around the adult, but not the infant.
Infants carried shall have their named bracketed on the manifest with the adult passenger
Infants may not be carried in emergency seating

30. 4. Carriage of passengers
Carriage of sick, injured, disabled
CAO para 14
The operator must identify any passengers with disabilities
Sick, injured, disabled shall not be seated at emergency exits
Passengers requiring assistance shall not pose a hazard to passengers, and measures shall be put in place to provide assistance in the event of emergency
Passengers in stretchers shall have the stretcher restrained and be secured to the stretcher

31. 4. Carriage of passengers
Carriage of parachutists
CAO para 15
Parachutists who cannot be seated shall be provided with a position where they can be safely seated
Prior to jumping & during phases of flight a parachutist shall:
Occupy a seat or seating position
Wear a seat belt, or
A safety harness, or
A parachute connected to an approved single point restraint

32. 5. Carriage of cargo Stowage of loose articles CAO 20.16.3 para 9
Loose articles of pax & crew shall be stowed to avoid injury during turbulence/accelerations of aircraft
Passageways & exits shall be clear of cargo if passenger are on board and below 1000ft AGL, except when embarking/disembarking on ground.
When seat belts are required to be warn cargo shall be stowed
Approved stowage includes:
Under a seat
Overhead locker
Any other locker/compartment/rack (other than overhead racks)designed to contain solid articles.

33. 5. Carriage of cargo Restraint & stowage of cargo CAO 20.16.3 para 3
Cargo stowed on/above the floor with pax shall be restrained to prevent movement.
If stored in other areas/compartments articles must be restrained to prevent movement in the event of excessive accelerations
Cargo restraints shall be flame proof
CAO para 4
Cargo shall not be stowed in a place where damage to controls, wiring, structure, equipment can be damaged
Cargo may obstruct an emergency exit if there are sufficient alternative exits
Cargo will not obstruct an aisle

34. 5. Carriage of cargo Special cases of stowage CAO 20.16.3 para 5
Cargo may be carried on an unoccupied pax seat if less than 77kg.
The weight of 77kg may be increase with CASA approval
Cargo carried on a pax seat shall be restrained in accordance with para 3.
CAO para 6
Cargo in pilot compartments is only permitted in aircraft <5700kg MTOW
Cargo on control seats shall not exceed 77kg unless CASA approved
Cargo on a control seat shall not obstruct movement of controls
If so, the controls may be removed

35. 5. Carriage of cargo Dangerous Goods CAO 20.16.1 para 6
Where dangerous goods are carried the PIC shall be informed of the nature and stowage location of such cargo, and any precautions/instructors to be followed in handling the cargo should it leak/fire.
CAA 23
An aircraft must not carry & a person must not consign carriage of dangerous good, unless in accordance with regulations or written permission of CASA
Explosives
Gases
Flammable materials
Oxidising materials
Poisonous substances
Radioactive material
Corrosives
Carbon dioxide

36. 5. Carriage of cargo Animals CAR 256A
Animals may only be carried if in a container or with permission of CASA
The above does not apply for the blind/hearing impaired and,
May be carried in the pax compartment, and
Be placed on a moisture absorbent mat near to the person, and
Be restrained to prevent the dog from moving
More than one animal must not be in the same compartment is there is a safety risk
Containers must be able to contain the animal (no escaping), its excrements, and any damage that may occur
An animal container shall not be carried in the pax cabin
If movement of the animal in the container will affect the loading the animal shall be restrained
The word ‘animal’ refers to a member of the animal kingdom another than man

37. 6. Loading & Responsibility
CAO para 3
Where an aircraft has an approved loading system the operator & pilot shall use that system
CAO para 5
The following applies to RPT operations
The operator and pilot shall ensure a loading sheet is completed prior to takeoff & for each stage of the flight
Where a flight contains a number of stages the supplementary load sheet may be used so long as it accounts for all changes in that 1 day
Where a standard load is carried on numerous stages in that 1 day, a supplementary load sheet may be used (eg: cargo ops)

38. 6. Loading & Responsibility
CAO para 5.3
A load sheet shall include:
Name of PIC
Date
Aircraft rego
Departure/destination
Empty weight
Weights of occupants
Weights of cargo
Removable equipment
Fuel, oil, and consumables
Evidence that the CoG is within limits
the pilot & operator shall ensure the load sheet is carried in the aircraft and if RPT a copy remains at the departure aerodrome
If RPT the operator shall retain a copy for 3 months

39. 6. Loading & Responsibility
PIC responsibility
CAR 235
The PIC must not depart of gross weight exceed MTOW
The PIC must not depart if the flight fuel will not allow the aircraft gross weight to be below the MLW
The PIC must not land unless the gross weight is less than MLW
The PIC shall ensure the aircraft CoG is within safe operating limits determined by the cert of airworthiness or flight manual

40. Questions?