1. The Respiratory System
Chapter 23

2. Introduction
Responsible for the exchange of gases between the body and the external environment.
Cells need a supply of O2 and to eliminate CO2
3 basic processes
Breathing
External respiration
Internal respiration
Two systems supply O2 & eliminate CO2
Respiratory system
Cardiovascular system

3. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
The Respiratory Tract
Passageways through which air will move
Terminate in the alveoli
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

4. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
The Respiratory Tract
Upper respiratory system
Superior to the larynx
Functions – intake, moistening, filtering, sensing
Lower respiratory system
Larynx and below
Functions – sound production, transport of air, gas exchange
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

5. The Respiratory Epithelium
Lines the upper respiratory system
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
Entraps & removes dust
Moistens incoming air
Olfactory sensation
Capillaries warm incoming air
The common cold
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

6. Surface View of the Epithelium
FG24_02C.JPG
Title: The Respiratory Epithelium
Notes: (a)Diagrammatic view of the respiratory epithelium. (b)Sketch and light micrograph showing sectional appearance of respiratory epithelium. (c)Surface view of the epithelium.
Keywords: respiratory epithelium, cilia, goblet cell, columnar, stern cell, basement membrane, lamina propria
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

7. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
The Nose
Primary entrance to the respiratory system
Bone & cartilage
External nares
Vestibule
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

8. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
The Nasal Cavity
Nasal septum
Divides into left and right sides
Hard & soft palate form the floor
Nasal conchae cause turbulence through meatuses
Internal nares lead to the nasopharynx
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

9. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Paranasal Sinuses
Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoidal, and maxillary sinuses
Functions
Lighten skull bones
Produce mucus
Resonate during sound production
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

10. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
The Pharynx
Area from the internal nares to the larynx
Shared between the respiratory and digestive systems
Divided into 3 regions
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

11. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
The Larynx
Connects the laryngopharynx to the trachea
Lined by mucus-producing columnar epithelium
Functions
Produces sound
Vocal folds
Keeps food from entering the airways
Vestibular folds
Epiglottis
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

12. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
The Larynx
Formed by 9 cartilages
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Epiglottis
Arytenoid cartilages
Corniculate cartilages
Cuneiform cartilages
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

13. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
The Larynx
FG24_04A.JPG
Title: Anatomy of the Larynx
Notes: (a) Anterior view of the intact larynx. (b)Posterior view. (c)Sagittal section. (d)Posterior view; individual laryngeal cartilages.
Keywords: larynx, anatomy, cornu, hyoid, extrinsic ligament, laryngeal prominence, intrinsic ligament, tracheal cartilage, trachea, larynx, epiglottis, thyroid cartliage, cricoid cartilage, vocal fold, ventricular fold, cartilage, thyrohyoid membrane
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

14. Movements of the Larynx During Swallowing
Tongue forces bolus into the oropharynx
Larynx is elevated
Extrinsic laryngeal muscles
Epiglottis closes over glottis
Pharyngeal muscles push bolus into esophagus
Larynx returns to normal position

15. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Swallowing
FG24_06A.JPG
Title: Movements of the Larynx during Swallowing
Notes: During swallowing the elevation of the larynx folds the epiglottis over the glottis, steering materials into the esophagus.
Keywords: larynx, swallowing, epiglottis, glottis, esophagus, hard palate, bolus, larynx, soft palate
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

16. Voice Production Laryngeal ligaments lie under mucous membrane
Intrinsic muscles attached to the cartilages
Control vocal ligament tension
Sound production
Air flowing over vocal folds (through the glottis) produces sound waves
Resonating chambers

17. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
The Trachea
Extends from larynx to primary bronchi
The “windpipe”
Structure
Incomplete cartilaginous rings
Lined by mucus-producing epithelium
Function – passageway for air
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

18. Bronchi, Bronchioles, & Alveoli
Trachea divides into
Primary bronchii divide into
Secondary bronchi divide into
Tertiary bronchi divide into
Bronchioles divide into
Terminal bronchioles divide into
Respiratory bronchioles divide into
Alveolar ducts end in
Alveoli
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

19. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
The Respiratory Tree
FG24_10D.JPG
Title: The Bronchial Tree and Divisions of the Lungs, Anterior View
Notes: (a)Gross anatomy of the lungs; bronchial tree and divisions. (b)Distribution of bronchopulmonary segments. (c)Bronchogram, slightly oblique, posteroanterior view. (d)Plastic cast of adult bronchial tree.
Keywords: bronchopulmonary segments, distribution, bronchial tree, bronchus, apex of lung, diaphragm
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

20. Changes as the Respiratory Tree Branches
As branching of bronchi becomes more extensive
Rings of cartilage become plates
Smooth muscle increases
Columnar epithelium becomes cuboidal, then squamous (in alveoli)
Asthma
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

21. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
The Alveoli
Site of gas exchange with the blood
Closely associated with capillaries
Wall of the alveolus + wall of capillary
Respiratory membrane
Gas exchange occurs by diffusion
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

22. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Alveoli
FG24_12B.JPG
Title: Alveolar Organization
Notes: (a) Basic structure of a lobule, cut to reveal the arrangement between the alveolar ducts and alveoli. (b)Connective tissue layers and alveolar vascular supply. (c)SEM of lung tissue. (d)Diagrammatic view of alveolar structure and respiratory membrane.
Keywords: alveolar organization, alveolar sac, alveolar duct, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli, capillaries, surfactant cells, elastic fibers, alveolar macrophage, endothelial cell, respiratory membrane, basement membrane, surfactant
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

23. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
The Alveoli
Alveolar epithelium contains:
Alveolar Type 1 cells
Gas exchange
Emphysema
Alveolar Type 2 cells
Secrete surfactant
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Macrophages
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

24. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
The Lungs
Soft, spongy, cone-shaped
Top = apex
Bottom = base
Right lung – 3 lobes
Left lung – 2 lobes
Hilus
Blood supply
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

25. Blood Supply to the Lungs
FG24_08B.JPG
Title: Superficial Anatomy of the Lungs
Notes: (a) Anterior view of open chest, showing relative positions of lungs and heart. (b)Diagrammatic views of costal and mediastinal surfaces of isolated right and left lungs.
Keywords: lungs, heart, anterior, lobe, diaphragm, pleural cavity, liver, bronchopulmonary segments, horizontal fissure, oblique fissure, apex, hilus, base, cardiac impression, primary bronchus, esophageal groove, pulmonary arteries
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

26. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Breathing
Lungs are prevented from collapsing
Intrapleural pressure is always slightly lower than the intrapulmonary pressure
Inhaling is active work, exhaling is passive
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

27. Muscles Involved in Inspiration
Diaphragm
External intercostals
Serratus anterior
Pectoralis minor
Sternocleidomastoid
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

28. Muscles Involved in Expiration
Diaphragm
Internal intercostals
Abdominal muscles
Involved in deep breathing
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001